Question 1

Test-retest reliability is determined by:

Accepted Answer

A)  administering the same measure to the same sample at two different points in time and calculating the correlation between an individual's performance on the two administrations. 
B)  administering the same measure to two different samples at two different points in time and calculating the correlation between an individual's performance at the two different times. 
C)  correlating the odd-numbered items of a measure with an individual's performance on the even-numbered items of that same measure. 
D)  correlating the odd-numbered items of a measure with an individual's performance on the even-numbered items of a different measure. 
A)  administering the same measure to the same sample at two different points in time and calculating the correlation between an individual's performance on the two administrations. 
B)  administering the same measure to two different samples at two different points in time and calculating the correlation between an individual's performance at the two different times. 
C)  correlating the odd-numbered items of a measure with an individual's performance on the even-numbered items of that same measure. 
D)  correlating the odd-numbered items of a measure with an individual's performance on the even-numbered items of a different measure.

Question 2

Which statement is an assumption that should be met before hypothesis testing with the correlation coefficient?

Accepted Answer

A)  The two variables should be significantly related to one another. 
B)  At least one of the variables is ordinal or nominal. 
C)  The variability in one variable should not be the same as the variability in the other variable. 
D)  Each variable should vary equally, regardless of the magnitude of the other variable. 
A)  The two variables should be significantly related to one another. 
B)  At least one of the variables is ordinal or nominal. 
C)  The variability in one variable should not be the same as the variability in the other variable. 
D)  Each variable should vary equally, regardless of the magnitude of the other variable.

Question 3

_____ reliability measures consistency of a test over time, while _____ reliability measures internal consistency of a test.

Accepted Answer

A)  Partial; test-retest 
B)  Test-retest; partial 
C)  Test-retest; split-half 
D)  Split-half; test-retest 
A)  Partial; test-retest 
B)  Test-retest; partial 
C)  Test-retest; split-half 
D)  Split-half; test-retest

Question 4

Based on research with her patients, Dr.Sabine knows that the correlation coefficient between scores on an anxiety scale and comfort at a social gathering is -0.46.According to guidelines established by Cohen, how would the strength of this relationship be characterized?

Accepted Answer

A)  small 
B)  medium 
C)  large 
D)  very large 
A)  small 
B)  medium 
C)  large 
D)  very large

Question 5

Use the following to answer question 
The scatterplot, created from 1995 U.S.News & World Report data on approximately 1,300 U.S.colleges and universities, depicts the relation between the student-faculty ratio at the school and the number of admissions applications the school received.
Figure: Student-Faculty Ratio  
-(Figure: Student-Faculty Ratio) Based on the scatterplot, what is the relation between an institution's student-faculty ratio and the number of applications it receives?

Accepted Answer

A)  perfect positive 
B)  positive 
C)  negative 
D)  no relation 
A)  perfect positive 
B)  positive 
C)  negative 
D)  no relation

Question 6

The numerical value for a correlation ranges between _____ and _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  0; 1.00 
B)  -1.00; 1.00 
C)  -1.00; 0 
D)  negative infinity; positive infinity 
A)  0; 1.00 
B)  -1.00; 1.00 
C)  -1.00; 0 
D)  negative infinity; positive infinity

Question 7

Which value represents the strongest relation between two variables?

Accepted Answer

A)  0.35 
B)  0.24 
C)  -0.25 
D)  -0.42 
A)  0.35 
B)  0.24 
C)  -0.25 
D)  -0.42

Question 8

A coefficient alpha of _____ is considered a minimally acceptable level of reliability for measures that will be used in research studies in which individual scores will be averaged.

Accepted Answer

A)  0.95 
B)  0.90 
C)  0.80 
D)  0.75 
A)  0.95 
B)  0.90 
C)  0.80 
D)  0.75

Question 9

The results of a study find a positive correlation between gum chewing and life expectancy.Which statement would be a statistically appropriate response to the results of the study?

Accepted Answer

A)  You purchase a lifetime supply of gum because chewing gum is good for your health. 
B)  You bemoan the possibility of living so long that you will have to chew lots of gum. 
C)  You become curious about what third variables might cause both increases in gum chewing and increases in life expectancy. 
D)  You tell all your friends and family members to chew gum because it is good for their health. 
A)  You purchase a lifetime supply of gum because chewing gum is good for your health. 
B)  You bemoan the possibility of living so long that you will have to chew lots of gum. 
C)  You become curious about what third variables might cause both increases in gum chewing and increases in life expectancy. 
D)  You tell all your friends and family members to chew gum because it is good for their health.

Question 10

According to guidelines published by Cohen (1988), a correlation value of _____ is considered small, _____ is medium, and _____ is strong.

Accepted Answer

A)  0.10; 0.30; 0.50 
B)  0.25; 0.50; 0.75 
C)  0.40; 0.60; 0.80 
D)  1.00; 2.00; 3.00 
A)  0.10; 0.30; 0.50 
B)  0.25; 0.50; 0.75 
C)  0.40; 0.60; 0.80 
D)  1.00; 2.00; 3.00

Question 11

If two variables are positively correlated, then high scores on one variable would be associated with low scores on the other variable.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

Correlation coefficients at or near ±1.00 are considered perfect correlations.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

The Pearson correlation coefficient is symbolized by:

Accepted Answer

A)  r. 
B)  x. 
C)  c. 
D)  t. 
A)  r. 
B)  x. 
C)  c. 
D)  t.

Question 14

What is the correlation between a person's weight as measured in grams and a person's weight as measured in pounds?

Accepted Answer

A)  -1.00 
B)  0.00 
C)  +0.50 
D)  +1.00 
A)  -1.00 
B)  0.00 
C)  +0.50 
D)  +1.00

Question 15

Validity is difficult to assess and is sometimes not considered as a result.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

When performing a hypothesis test for correlation, one tests the research hypothesis that $\rho  $ $\neq  $ 0.0.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

A researcher discovers that length of time spent following a Mediterranean diet is negatively correlated with risk of developing cancer.Which statement logically follows from this information?

Accepted Answer

A)  Eating a Mediterranean diet increases the risk of developing cancer. 
B)  Eating a Mediterranean diet reduces the risk of developing cancer. 
C)  People who ate a Mediterranean diet for longer periods were less likely to have cancer. 
D)  People who ate a Mediterranean diet for longer periods were more likely to have cancer. 
A)  Eating a Mediterranean diet increases the risk of developing cancer. 
B)  Eating a Mediterranean diet reduces the risk of developing cancer. 
C)  People who ate a Mediterranean diet for longer periods were less likely to have cancer. 
D)  People who ate a Mediterranean diet for longer periods were more likely to have cancer.

Question 18

Every day for the last month, Boris has recorded the number of times it has rained and the height of all of his tomato plants.He wants to see if the two are correlated, so he creates a scatterplot of the data.He sees a pattern that he could probably draw a line through (from the bottom left going up to the top right) as rainy days and plant height both increase.Should he proceed in calculating a correlation, and if so, why?

Accepted Answer

A)  No; the data appear skewed and not a normal distribution. 
B)  No; the data appear to have a nonlinear relationship. 
C)  Yes, there appears to be a nonlinear relationship. 
D)  Yes, there appears to be a linear relationship. 
A)  No; the data appear skewed and not a normal distribution. 
B)  No; the data appear to have a nonlinear relationship. 
C)  Yes, there appears to be a nonlinear relationship. 
D)  Yes, there appears to be a linear relationship.

Question 19

If two variables are positively correlated, then low scores on one variable would be associated with low scores on the other variable.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

As the number of hours a student studies increases, the final exam score increases.This is an example of what type of correlation?

Accepted Answer

A)  positive 
B)  negative 
C)  zero 
D)  perfect 
A)  positive 
B)  negative 
C)  zero 
D)  perfect

Test-retest reliability is determined by:

Which statement is an assumption that should be met before hypothesis testing with the correlation coefficient?

_ reliability measures consistency of a test over time, while _ reliability measures internal consistency of a test.

Based on research with her patients, Dr.Sabine knows that the correlation coefficient between scores on an anxiety scale and comfort at a social gathering is -0.46.According to guidelines established by Cohen, how would the strength of this relationship be characterized?

The numerical value for a correlation ranges between _ and _.

Which value represents the strongest relation between two variables?

A coefficient alpha of _____ is considered a minimally acceptable level of reliability for measures that will be used in research studies in which individual scores will be averaged.

The results of a study find a positive correlation between gum chewing and life expectancy.Which statement would be a statistically appropriate response to the results of the study?

According to guidelines published by Cohen (1988), a correlation value of ___ is considered small, _ is medium, and ___ is strong.

If two variables are positively correlated, then high scores on one variable would be associated with low scores on the other variable.

Correlation coefficients at or near ±1.00 are considered perfect correlations.

The Pearson correlation coefficient is symbolized by:

What is the correlation between a person's weight as measured in grams and a person's weight as measured in pounds?

Validity is difficult to assess and is sometimes not considered as a result.

When performing a hypothesis test for correlation, one tests the research hypothesis that $\rho$ $\neq$ 0.0.

A researcher discovers that length of time spent following a Mediterranean diet is negatively correlated with risk of developing cancer.Which statement logically follows from this information?

If two variables are positively correlated, then low scores on one variable would be associated with low scores on the other variable.

As the number of hours a student studies increases, the final exam score increases.This is an example of what type of correlation?

An Introduction to Statistics and Research Design

Frequency Distributions

Visual Displays of Data

Central Tendency and Variability

Sampling and Probability

The Normal Curve, Standardization and Z Scores

Hypothesis Testing With Z Tests

Confidence Intervals, Effect Size, and Statistical Power

The Single-Sample T Test

The Paired-Samples T Test

The Independent-Samples T Test

One-Way Between-Groups Anova

One-Way Within-Groups Anova

Two-Way Between-Groups Anova

Regression

Chi-Square Tess

Choosing and Reporting Statistics

Filters

Exam 15: Correlation

Test-retest reliability is determined by:

Which statement is an assumption that should be met before hypothesis testing with the correlation coefficient?

_____ reliability measures consistency of a test over time, while _____ reliability measures internal consistency of a test.

Based on research with her patients, Dr.Sabine knows that the correlation coefficient between scores on an anxiety scale and comfort at a social gathering is -0.46.According to guidelines established by Cohen, how would the strength of this relationship be characterized?

The numerical value for a correlation ranges between _____ and _____.

Which value represents the strongest relation between two variables?

A coefficient alpha of _____ is considered a minimally acceptable level of reliability for measures that will be used in research studies in which individual scores will be averaged.

The results of a study find a positive correlation between gum chewing and life expectancy.Which statement would be a statistically appropriate response to the results of the study?

According to guidelines published by Cohen (1988), a correlation value of _____ is considered small, _____ is medium, and _____ is strong.

If two variables are positively correlated, then high scores on one variable would be associated with low scores on the other variable.

Correlation coefficients at or near ±1.00 are considered perfect correlations.

The Pearson correlation coefficient is symbolized by:

What is the correlation between a person's weight as measured in grams and a person's weight as measured in pounds?

Validity is difficult to assess and is sometimes not considered as a result.

When performing a hypothesis test for correlation, one tests the research hypothesis that ρ\rho ρ ≠\neq = 0.0.

A researcher discovers that length of time spent following a Mediterranean diet is negatively correlated with risk of developing cancer.Which statement logically follows from this information?

If two variables are positively correlated, then low scores on one variable would be associated with low scores on the other variable.

As the number of hours a student studies increases, the final exam score increases.This is an example of what type of correlation?

An Introduction to Statistics and Research Design

Frequency Distributions

Visual Displays of Data

Central Tendency and Variability

Sampling and Probability

The Normal Curve, Standardization and Z Scores

Hypothesis Testing With Z Tests

Confidence Intervals, Effect Size, and Statistical Power

The Single-Sample T Test

The Paired-Samples T Test

The Independent-Samples T Test

One-Way Between-Groups Anova

One-Way Within-Groups Anova

Two-Way Between-Groups Anova

Regression

Chi-Square Tess

Choosing and Reporting Statistics

Filters

_ reliability measures consistency of a test over time, while _ reliability measures internal consistency of a test.

The numerical value for a correlation ranges between _ and _.

According to guidelines published by Cohen (1988), a correlation value of ___ is considered small, _ is medium, and ___ is strong.

When performing a hypothesis test for correlation, one tests the research hypothesis that $\rho$ $\neq$ 0.0.