Question 1

What are tokens?

Accepted Answer

Tokens are conditioned reinforcers that can be accumulated and exchanged for other reinforcers.

Question 2

Were the points in Erin's program a generalized conditioned reinforcer? Defend your answer.

Accepted Answer

The points in Erin's program were likely a generalized reinforcer.The points were paired with two backup reinforcers, time on Facebook and time on YouTube, both of which provide a variety of conditioned reinforcers.

Question 3

Is praise a generalized conditioned reinforcer? Defend your answer.

Accepted Answer

Yes, praise is likely a generalized reinforcer for most of us.That is because when people praise us, they are disposed to favor us in a variety of ways so that praise is paired with a variety of backup reinforcers.Also, positive adult attention (considered a form of praise)is provided by parents when they feed their infants, wash them, play with them, and meet their needs in other ways.

Question 4

Distinguish between a simple conditioned reinforcer and a generalized conditioned reinforcer. Explain why a generalized conditioned reinforcer is more effective than a simple conditioned reinforcer.

Accepted Answer

A simple conditioned reinforcer is one t

Question 5

Describe a target behavior of yours that you would like to improve that might be amenable to a points program like Erin's.What would you use as backup reinforcers for the points?

Accepted Answer

Any approp

Question 6

What were the backup reinforcers in Erin's program?

Accepted Answer

The backup reinforce

Question 7

Discuss how conditioned reinforcement is involved in an addiction such as to nicotine and in making it difficult for people to quit their addiction.

Accepted Answer

Because sensations like the smell and ta

Question 8

Explain in two or three sentences what a token economy is.

Accepted Answer

A token system (or economy)is

Question 9

Explain what a conditioned reinforcer is. Give and explain two examples.

Accepted Answer

A conditioned reinforcer is a stimulus w

Question 10

Explain what causes a conditioned reinforcer to lose its value.

Accepted Answer

If a conditioned reinforcer is

Question 11

Is money a token? Justify your answer.

Accepted Answer

Yes, money is a token because

Question 12

How is conditioned reinforcement involved in influencing babies to babble sounds in their native language, even when no adults are around to reinforce this behavior?

Accepted Answer

When an infant babbles a sound that has

Question 13

Describe two pitfalls of conditioned reinforcement, and give an example of each.

Accepted Answer

The unaware-misapplication Pitfall state

Question 14

Explain what an unconditioned reinforcer is. Give two examples.

Accepted Answer

Unconditioned reinforcers are stimuli wh

Question 15

List three factors that influence the effectiveness of conditioned reinforcers.

Accepted Answer

The three factors influencing the effect

Question 16

Explain what a conditioned punisher is. Give and explain two examples.

Accepted Answer

A conditioned punisher is a stimulus whi

Question 17

Give two examples of stimuli that are conditioned reinforcers but not tokens. Explain why they are conditioned reinforcers, and why they are not tokens.

Accepted Answer

Any two appropriate examples, such as th

Question 18

Explain what a backup reinforcer is. Give and explain two examples.

Accepted Answer

A backup reinforcer is a reinforcer on w

Exam 5: Increasing Behavior With Conditioned Reinforcement

What are tokens?

Were the points in Erin's program a generalized conditioned reinforcer? Defend your answer.

Is praise a generalized conditioned reinforcer? Defend your answer.

Distinguish between a simple conditioned reinforcer and a generalized conditioned reinforcer. Explain why a generalized conditioned reinforcer is more effective than a simple conditioned reinforcer.

Describe a target behavior of yours that you would like to improve that might be amenable to a points program like Erin's.What would you use as backup reinforcers for the points?

What were the backup reinforcers in Erin's program?

Discuss how conditioned reinforcement is involved in an addiction such as to nicotine and in making it difficult for people to quit their addiction.

Explain in two or three sentences what a token economy is.

Explain what a conditioned reinforcer is. Give and explain two examples.

Explain what causes a conditioned reinforcer to lose its value.

Is money a token? Justify your answer.

How is conditioned reinforcement involved in influencing babies to babble sounds in their native language, even when no adults are around to reinforce this behavior?

Describe two pitfalls of conditioned reinforcement, and give an example of each.

Explain what an unconditioned reinforcer is. Give two examples.

List three factors that influence the effectiveness of conditioned reinforcers.

Explain what a conditioned punisher is. Give and explain two examples.

Give two examples of stimuli that are conditioned reinforcers but not tokens. Explain why they are conditioned reinforcers, and why they are not tokens.

Explain what a backup reinforcer is. Give and explain two examples.

Introduction

Areas of Application: an Overview

Respondent Classical, Pavlovian Conditioning of Reflexive Behavior

Increasing a Behavior With Positive Reinforcement

Decreasing a Behavior With Operant Extinction

Getting a New Behavior to Occur With Shaping

Developing Behavioral Persistence With Schedules of Reinforcement

Responding at the Right Time and Place: Stimulus Discrimination and Stimulus Generalization

Changing the Stimulus Control of a Behavior With Fading

Getting a New Sequence of Behaviors to Occur With Behavior Chaining

Differential Reinforcement Procedures to Decrease Behavior

Decreasing Behavior With Punishment

Establishing Behavior by Escape and Avoidance Conditioning

Respondent and Operant Conditioning Together

Transferring Behavior to New Settings and Making It Last: Generality of Behavior Change

Antecedent Control: Rules and Goals

Antecedent Control: Modeling, Guidance, and Situational Inducement

Antecedent Control: Motivation

Behavioral Assessment: Initial Considerations

Direct Behavioral Assessment: What to Record and How

Doing Behavior Modification Research

Functional Assessment of Problem Behavior

Planning, Applying, and Evaluating a Behavioral Program

Token Economies

Helping an Individual to Develop Self-Control

Approaches to Behavior Therapy: Cognitive Restructuring; Self-Directed Coping Methods; and Mindfulness and Acceptance Procedures

Psychological Disorders Treated by Behavioral and Cognitive Behavioral Therapies

Giving It All Some Perspective: a Brief History

Ethical Issues

Shaping and Schedules of Reinforcement: A Comprehensive Guide

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