Question 1

Define independent variable, and give an example.

Accepted Answer

The independent variable is the treatment or intervention applied to bring about a change in the dependent variable.In Billy's case, for example, the independent variable was the reinforcement of an extra minute of recess for each math problem correctly solved.Any appropriate example is acceptable.

Question 2

Briefly name and describe the four minimal components of a behavior modification program.

Accepted Answer

A screening or intake phase for clarifying the problem and determining who should treat it; an assessment phase for determining the causes of the problem behavior and the initial level of the behavior prior to the program; a treatment phase, in which the intervention strategy is initiated; and a follow-up phase in order to evaluate the persistence of the desirable behavior changes following termination of the program.

Question 3

Define internal validity.

Accepted Answer

A finding is said to be internally valid if the independent variable did, in fact, cause observed changes in the dependent variable.

Question 4

Identify two limitations of the reversal-replication design, and give an example of each.

Accepted Answer

(a)Conducting a reversal might be undesi

Question 5

In two or three sentences, explain why we cannot necessarily claim that a change in behavior during a minimal behavior modification program was due to the treatment.

Accepted Answer

In any program where a treatment phase i

Question 6

Define dependent variable, and give an example.

Accepted Answer

The dependent variable is a measure of t

Question 7

With reference to an example, briefly describe the four components of the reversal-replication design. What is another name for this design?

Accepted Answer

(a)A baseline phase to determine the ini

Question 8

With reference to an example, briefly describe a multiple-baseline-across-people design.

Accepted Answer

First, take a baseline of a particular b

Question 9

What are three potential limitations of a multiple-baseline-across-behaviors design?

Accepted Answer

(a)If two or more behaviors are not inde

Question 10

State an advantage of a multiple-baseline design over a reversal-replication design.

Accepted Answer

It is not necessary

Question 11

Ideally, how long should the baseline phase of the reversal-replication design continue?

Accepted Answer

Ideally, until the pattern of

Question 12

What are three potential limitations of a multiple-baseline-across-people design?

Accepted Answer

(a)When the individuals involved might d

Question 13

Define external validity.

Accepted Answer

A finding is said to be extern

Question 14

In two or three sentences, distinguish between a minimal behavior modification program and behavior modification research.

Accepted Answer

A minimal behavior modification program

Question 15

In a sentence or two each, describe why Baselines 1, 2, and 3 from Figure 22.2 are inadequate.

Accepted Answer

(a)Baseline 1 is not stable; (b)Baseline

Question 16

List four reasons why many behavior modifiers prefer single-case designs to group designs.

Accepted Answer

(a)Single-case designs focus on repeated

Question 17

In a sentence or two each, explain the scientific and practical criteria for evaluating the effects of a particular treatment. Be sure to distinguish between the two in your answer.

Accepted Answer

Scientific criteriAnswer:guidelines used

Question 18

With reference to an example, briefly describe a multiple-baseline-across-behaviors design.

Accepted Answer

First, a baseline is taken concurrently

Question 19

Briefly describe a potential problem with the alternating-treatments design.

Accepted Answer

The two treatments may interact; i.e., o

Question 20

How many reversals and replications are necessary in a reversal-replication design?

Accepted Answer

If a very large effect is observed when

Exam 22: Doing Behavior Modification Research

Define independent variable, and give an example.

Briefly name and describe the four minimal components of a behavior modification program.

Define internal validity.

Identify two limitations of the reversal-replication design, and give an example of each.

In two or three sentences, explain why we cannot necessarily claim that a change in behavior during a minimal behavior modification program was due to the treatment.

Define dependent variable, and give an example.

With reference to an example, briefly describe the four components of the reversal-replication design. What is another name for this design?

With reference to an example, briefly describe a multiple-baseline-across-people design.

What are three potential limitations of a multiple-baseline-across-behaviors design?

State an advantage of a multiple-baseline design over a reversal-replication design.

Ideally, how long should the baseline phase of the reversal-replication design continue?

What are three potential limitations of a multiple-baseline-across-people design?

Define external validity.

In two or three sentences, distinguish between a minimal behavior modification program and behavior modification research.

In a sentence or two each, describe why Baselines 1, 2, and 3 from Figure 22.2 are inadequate.

List four reasons why many behavior modifiers prefer single-case designs to group designs.

In a sentence or two each, explain the scientific and practical criteria for evaluating the effects of a particular treatment. Be sure to distinguish between the two in your answer.

With reference to an example, briefly describe a multiple-baseline-across-behaviors design.

Briefly describe a potential problem with the alternating-treatments design.

How many reversals and replications are necessary in a reversal-replication design?

Introduction

Areas of Application: an Overview

Respondent Classical, Pavlovian Conditioning of Reflexive Behavior

Increasing a Behavior With Positive Reinforcement

Increasing Behavior With Conditioned Reinforcement

Decreasing a Behavior With Operant Extinction

Getting a New Behavior to Occur With Shaping

Developing Behavioral Persistence With Schedules of Reinforcement

Responding at the Right Time and Place: Stimulus Discrimination and Stimulus Generalization

Changing the Stimulus Control of a Behavior With Fading

Getting a New Sequence of Behaviors to Occur With Behavior Chaining

Differential Reinforcement Procedures to Decrease Behavior

Decreasing Behavior With Punishment

Establishing Behavior by Escape and Avoidance Conditioning

Respondent and Operant Conditioning Together

Transferring Behavior to New Settings and Making It Last: Generality of Behavior Change

Antecedent Control: Rules and Goals

Antecedent Control: Modeling, Guidance, and Situational Inducement

Antecedent Control: Motivation

Behavioral Assessment: Initial Considerations

Direct Behavioral Assessment: What to Record and How

Functional Assessment of Problem Behavior

Planning, Applying, and Evaluating a Behavioral Program

Token Economies

Helping an Individual to Develop Self-Control

Approaches to Behavior Therapy: Cognitive Restructuring; Self-Directed Coping Methods; and Mindfulness and Acceptance Procedures

Psychological Disorders Treated by Behavioral and Cognitive Behavioral Therapies

Giving It All Some Perspective: a Brief History

Ethical Issues

Shaping and Schedules of Reinforcement: A Comprehensive Guide

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