Question 1

Describe how computer technology might be used to shape specific limb movements in a paralyzed person.

Accepted Answer

A TV camera could be focused on the specified limb of a paralyzed person.The camera could be hooked up to a computer that might record limb movements, set reinforcement for small shaping steps, backtrack to earlier steps if progress slows, and operate reinforcer mechanisms.Other plausible answers are acceptable.

Question 2

Give an example of the Pitfall in which the failure to apply shaping might have an undesirable result.

Accepted Answer

Any appropriate example of a failure to apply shaping is acceptable, such as the following: Some parents may not be very responsive to their child's babbling behavior.If they expect too much from the child and do not reinforce approximations to normal speech, then the child might stay at the babbling level for a long time and thereby fail to acquire normal speech.

Question 3

What is meant by the term final target behavior in a shaping program? 
Give an example.

Accepted Answer

The final target behavior in a shaping program is the final desired behavior, such as Frank's target behavior of jogging a quarter of a mile each day, described at the beginning of the chapter.Any appropriate example is acceptable.

Question 4

What is meant by the term starting behavior in a shaping program? 
Give an example.

Accepted Answer

The starting behavior of a shaping progr

Question 5

Give an example from your own experience of a final target behavior that might best be developed through a procedure other than shaping (see Guideline 1a, p.69).

Accepted Answer

An example could be any behavior that co

Question 6

List five dimensions of behavior that can be shaped.
Give two examples of each.

Accepted Answer

(a)Topography, such as shaping a child t

Question 7

Give an example of the Unaware-Misapplication Pitfall in which shaping might be accidentally applied to develop an undesirable behavior.
Describe some of the shaping steps in your example.

Accepted Answer

Any appropriate example is acc

Question 8

Describe how computer technology might be used to study shaping more accurately than can be done with the usual noncomputerized shaping procedures.

Accepted Answer

Computers may be useful in precisely spe

Question 9

State a rule for deciding when to move the learner to a new approximation (see p.69).

Accepted Answer

A guideline is: move to the next step wh

Question 10

Why bother with shaping? Why not just learn about the use of straightforward positive reinforcement to increase a behavior?

Accepted Answer

Positive reinforcement can be

Question 11

Describe an experiment demonstrating that maladaptive behavior can be shaped.

Accepted Answer

Intermittent reinforcement is an arrange

Question 12

Why do we refer to positive reinforcement and operant extinction as principles but to shaping as a procedure? (Hint: See Chapter 1, p.10.)

Accepted Answer

Positive reinforcement and extinction wo

Question 13

Explain how shaping involves successive applications of the principles of positive reinforcement and operant extinction.

Accepted Answer

Approximation 1 is reinforced

Question 14

Why is it necessary to avoid underreinforcement at any shaping step?

Accepted Answer

Too few reinforcements at any

Question 15

Describe a behavior of yours that was shaped by consequences in the natural environment,, and state several of the initial approximations.

Accepted Answer

Any appropriate example.An exa

Question 16

Define shaping.

Accepted Answer

Shaping is a procedure for developing a

Question 17

How do you know you have enough successive approximations or shaping steps of the right size?

Accepted Answer

You don't.You simply give it your best g

Question 18

Identify the three basic stages in any shaping procedure as presented at the beginning of this chapter, and describe them with an example (either Frank's case or an example of your own ).

Accepted Answer

(a)Specify the final desired behavior (e

Question 19

Describe how Scott and colleagues used shaping to decrease the heart rate of a man suffering from chronic anxiety.

Accepted Answer

While a man watched television, the soun

Question 20

In terms of the three stages in a shaping procedure, describe how parents might shape their child to say a particular word.

Accepted Answer

(a)The final desired behavior is saying

Exam 7: Getting a New Behavior to Occur With Shaping

Describe how computer technology might be used to shape specific limb movements in a paralyzed person.

Give an example of the Pitfall in which the failure to apply shaping might have an undesirable result.

What is meant by the term final target behavior in a shaping program? Give an example.

What is meant by the term starting behavior in a shaping program? Give an example.

Give an example from your own experience of a final target behavior that might best be developed through a procedure other than shaping (see Guideline 1a, p.69).

List five dimensions of behavior that can be shaped. Give two examples of each.

Give an example of the Unaware-Misapplication Pitfall in which shaping might be accidentally applied to develop an undesirable behavior. Describe some of the shaping steps in your example.

Describe how computer technology might be used to study shaping more accurately than can be done with the usual noncomputerized shaping procedures.

State a rule for deciding when to move the learner to a new approximation (see p.69).

Why bother with shaping? Why not just learn about the use of straightforward positive reinforcement to increase a behavior?

Describe an experiment demonstrating that maladaptive behavior can be shaped.

Why do we refer to positive reinforcement and operant extinction as principles but to shaping as a procedure? (Hint: See Chapter 1, p.10.)

Explain how shaping involves successive applications of the principles of positive reinforcement and operant extinction.

Why is it necessary to avoid underreinforcement at any shaping step?

Describe a behavior of yours that was shaped by consequences in the natural environment,, and state several of the initial approximations.

Define shaping.

How do you know you have enough successive approximations or shaping steps of the right size?

Identify the three basic stages in any shaping procedure as presented at the beginning of this chapter, and describe them with an example (either Frank's case or an example of your own ).

Describe how Scott and colleagues used shaping to decrease the heart rate of a man suffering from chronic anxiety.

In terms of the three stages in a shaping procedure, describe how parents might shape their child to say a particular word.

Introduction

Areas of Application: an Overview

Respondent Classical, Pavlovian Conditioning of Reflexive Behavior

Increasing a Behavior With Positive Reinforcement

Increasing Behavior With Conditioned Reinforcement

Decreasing a Behavior With Operant Extinction

Developing Behavioral Persistence With Schedules of Reinforcement

Responding at the Right Time and Place: Stimulus Discrimination and Stimulus Generalization

Changing the Stimulus Control of a Behavior With Fading

Getting a New Sequence of Behaviors to Occur With Behavior Chaining

Differential Reinforcement Procedures to Decrease Behavior

Decreasing Behavior With Punishment

Establishing Behavior by Escape and Avoidance Conditioning

Respondent and Operant Conditioning Together

Transferring Behavior to New Settings and Making It Last: Generality of Behavior Change

Antecedent Control: Rules and Goals

Antecedent Control: Modeling, Guidance, and Situational Inducement

Antecedent Control: Motivation

Behavioral Assessment: Initial Considerations

Direct Behavioral Assessment: What to Record and How

Doing Behavior Modification Research

Functional Assessment of Problem Behavior

Planning, Applying, and Evaluating a Behavioral Program

Token Economies

Helping an Individual to Develop Self-Control

Approaches to Behavior Therapy: Cognitive Restructuring; Self-Directed Coping Methods; and Mindfulness and Acceptance Procedures

Psychological Disorders Treated by Behavioral and Cognitive Behavioral Therapies

Giving It All Some Perspective: a Brief History

Ethical Issues

Shaping and Schedules of Reinforcement: A Comprehensive Guide

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