Question 1

Briefly list six of the eight conditions that summarize effective versus ineffective goal setting as a behavior modification strategy.

Accepted Answer

Any 6 of the following: (a)Specific goals are more effective than vague goals; (b)goals with respect to learning specific skills should include mastery criteria; (c)goals should identify the circumstances under which the desirable behavior should occur; (d)realistic, challenging goals are more effective than "Do your best" goals; (e)public goals are more effective than private goals; (f)goal setting is more effective if deadlines are included; (g)goal setting plus feedback is more effective than goal setting alone; and (h)goal setting is most effective when individuals are committed to the goals.

Question 2

Define contingency-shaped behavior, and give an example that is not in this chapter.

Accepted Answer

Contingency-shaped behavior is behavior that has been strengthened by immediate consequences.For example, a person might learn to drink coffee after it has cooled off rather than when steam is rising from the cup, through trial and error.Any appropriate example is acceptable.

Question 3

In general, what do we mean by the word goal? Give an example of a behavioral goal that is not in this chapter. Give an example of an outcome goal that is not in this chapter.

Accepted Answer

A goal describes a level of performance towards which an individual or group should work.
For an example of a behavioral goal, a student might set a goal of studying two hours each day.For an example of an outcome goal, a person might set a goal of losing 2 pounds in a week.Any appropriate example is acceptable.

Question 4

In a couple of sentences, distinguish between rules that are often effective versus rules that are often weak or ineffective in controlling behavior.

Accepted Answer

Rules that describe specific circumstanc

Question 5

From a behavioral perspective, why might realistic, challenging goals be more effective than do-your-best goals?

Accepted Answer

If you set a realistic goal for an indiv

Question 6

Define rule-governed behavior, and give an example that is not in this chapter.

Accepted Answer

Rule-governed behavior is behavior that

Question 7

Give an example of an indirect effect of a reinforcer for your behavior.

Accepted Answer

For example, a student living at home cl

Question 8

What do the authors mean by commitment in the context of goal setting?

Accepted Answer

Commitment refers to statements or actio

Question 9

Is goal setting different from using rules? Discuss.

Accepted Answer

No.Goal setting is essentially rule-gove

Question 10

Describe, using examples, three explanations for why we might follow rules that identify very delayed consequences.

Accepted Answer

(a)Although the reinforcer identified in

Question 11

From a behavioral perspective, why might public goals be more effective than private goals?

Accepted Answer

Public goals may be more effective than

Question 12

Give an example of a partial rule that is not in this chapter. What aspects of the three-term contingency does your partial rule identify? What are the missing parts that the partial rule implied?

Accepted Answer

A partial rule would be "Look both ways!

Question 13

How might we account for the relative ineffectiveness of such rules as "I'm going to stop eating sweets"?

Accepted Answer

There are two reasons.First, there are i

Question 14

How might we explain the behavior of someone who fails to wear a helmet when riding a bicycle even though that person knows that wearing a helmet could prevent brain damage from an accident?

Accepted Answer

There are two reasons.First, there may b

Question 15

What is a mastery criterion? Give an example that is not in this chapter.

Accepted Answer

A mastery criterion is a specific guidel

Question 16

Give an example of a rule that was stated by the figure skater just before competing.

Accepted Answer

The skater said to herself, "I

Question 17

Define rule behaviorally and give an example that is not in this chapter.

Accepted Answer

A rule describes a situation in which a

Question 18

Describe two common differences between rule-governed and contingency-shaped behavior.

Accepted Answer

None

Question 19

List five rules that are a part of a behavioral treatment for insomnia.

Accepted Answer

Five rules that are part of behavioral s

Question 20

Explain (in terms of contextual stimulus control, as described in Note 3 of Chapter 9)why the tone of voice of someone giving you instructions might determine whether you will follow the instructions.

Accepted Answer

When individuals give us instructions, t

Exam 17: Antecedent Control: Rules and Goals

Briefly list six of the eight conditions that summarize effective versus ineffective goal setting as a behavior modification strategy.

Define contingency-shaped behavior, and give an example that is not in this chapter.

In general, what do we mean by the word goal? Give an example of a behavioral goal that is not in this chapter. Give an example of an outcome goal that is not in this chapter.

In a couple of sentences, distinguish between rules that are often effective versus rules that are often weak or ineffective in controlling behavior.

From a behavioral perspective, why might realistic, challenging goals be more effective than do-your-best goals?

Define rule-governed behavior, and give an example that is not in this chapter.

Give an example of an indirect effect of a reinforcer for your behavior.

What do the authors mean by commitment in the context of goal setting?

Is goal setting different from using rules? Discuss.

Describe, using examples, three explanations for why we might follow rules that identify very delayed consequences.

From a behavioral perspective, why might public goals be more effective than private goals?

Give an example of a partial rule that is not in this chapter. What aspects of the three-term contingency does your partial rule identify? What are the missing parts that the partial rule implied?

How might we account for the relative ineffectiveness of such rules as "I'm going to stop eating sweets"?

How might we explain the behavior of someone who fails to wear a helmet when riding a bicycle even though that person knows that wearing a helmet could prevent brain damage from an accident?

What is a mastery criterion? Give an example that is not in this chapter.

Give an example of a rule that was stated by the figure skater just before competing.

Define rule behaviorally and give an example that is not in this chapter.

Describe two common differences between rule-governed and contingency-shaped behavior.

List five rules that are a part of a behavioral treatment for insomnia.

Explain (in terms of contextual stimulus control, as described in Note 3 of Chapter 9)why the tone of voice of someone giving you instructions might determine whether you will follow the instructions.

Introduction

Areas of Application: an Overview

Respondent Classical, Pavlovian Conditioning of Reflexive Behavior

Increasing a Behavior With Positive Reinforcement

Increasing Behavior With Conditioned Reinforcement

Decreasing a Behavior With Operant Extinction

Getting a New Behavior to Occur With Shaping

Developing Behavioral Persistence With Schedules of Reinforcement

Responding at the Right Time and Place: Stimulus Discrimination and Stimulus Generalization

Changing the Stimulus Control of a Behavior With Fading

Getting a New Sequence of Behaviors to Occur With Behavior Chaining

Differential Reinforcement Procedures to Decrease Behavior

Decreasing Behavior With Punishment

Establishing Behavior by Escape and Avoidance Conditioning

Respondent and Operant Conditioning Together

Transferring Behavior to New Settings and Making It Last: Generality of Behavior Change

Antecedent Control: Modeling, Guidance, and Situational Inducement

Antecedent Control: Motivation

Behavioral Assessment: Initial Considerations

Direct Behavioral Assessment: What to Record and How

Doing Behavior Modification Research

Functional Assessment of Problem Behavior

Planning, Applying, and Evaluating a Behavioral Program

Token Economies

Helping an Individual to Develop Self-Control

Approaches to Behavior Therapy: Cognitive Restructuring; Self-Directed Coping Methods; and Mindfulness and Acceptance Procedures

Psychological Disorders Treated by Behavioral and Cognitive Behavioral Therapies

Giving It All Some Perspective: a Brief History

Ethical Issues

Shaping and Schedules of Reinforcement: A Comprehensive Guide

Filters