Question 1

What is a positive reinforcer?

Accepted Answer

A positive reinforcer is an event which, when presented immediately following a behavior, causes the behavior to increase in frequency.

Question 2

Should you tell an individual with whom you are using reinforcement about the reinforcement program before putting it into effect? Why or why not?

Accepted Answer

Not necessarily.Bribery is a reward or gift offered to induce one to commit an immoral or illegal act.Provided that the behavior to be reinforced does not so qualify, instructing someone about a positive reinforcement for that behavior would not be bribery.

Question 3

Describe an example of the Pitfall that involves a person unknowingly applying positive reinforcement to strengthen an undesirable behavior.

Accepted Answer

A child is noisily playing while his or her sibling is trying to study (situation); the sibling gives the child a lollipop so that he/she will be quiet (response).The child is immediately quiet and enjoys the lollipop (immediate consequence).The chance that the child will be more likely to play noisily around that sibling in the future increases (long- term effect).Any appropriate example is acceptable.

Question 4

What is operant behavior? Give an example, and indicate how the example fits the definition of operant behavior.

Accepted Answer

Operant behaviors are those that operate

Question 5

Ideally, what four qualities should a reinforcer have (besides the necessary quality of functioning as a reinforcer)? (See p.42.)

Accepted Answer

(a)Is readily available; (b)can be prese

Question 6

Describe the Premack principle.

Accepted Answer

The Premack principle states that the op

Question 7

What is the principle of positive reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

This principle states that if, in a give

Question 8

How are positive and negative reinforcement similar, and how are they different?

Accepted Answer

Positive and negative reinforcement are

Question 9

Give an example of positive reinforcement of a desirable behavior that you have encountered.Identify the situation, behavior, immediate consequence, and probable long-term effects (As shown in Table 4.1).The example should not be from the text.

Accepted Answer

Students can describe any plausible exam

Question 10

What do behavior modifiers mean by the term satiation? Give an example.

Accepted Answer

Behavior modifiers use the term satiatio

Question 11

What is a baseline? Give an example of a baseline.

Accepted Answer

A baseline is a measure of behavior in t

Question 12

What are three indicators that a behavior change is due to indirect-acting versus direct-acting effects?

Accepted Answer

A behavior change is likely due to indir

Question 13

What do behavior modifiers mean by the term deprivation? Give an example.

Accepted Answer

Behavior modifiers use the ter

Question 14

What is a motivating operation? Give two examples, one of which should not be from this chapter.

Accepted Answer

Motivating operations (MOs)are events or

Question 15

Why is it necessary to be specific when selecting a behavior for a reinforcement program?

Accepted Answer

(a)To help increase the reliab

Question 16

In what way is positive reinforcement like gravity?

Accepted Answer

They are b

Question 17

List the five somewhat overlapping headings under which most positive reinforcers can be classified, and give an example of each that would be a positive reinforcer for you.

Accepted Answer

The five somewhat overlapping

Question 18

Using the definition of positive reinforcer, how might you conduct a test to determine if the social attention of a particular adult is or is not reinforcing for a withdrawn child?

Accepted Answer

The same way that you test any stimulus

Question 19

What do we mean by the natural environment? By natural reinforcers?
 By programmed reinforcers?

Accepted Answer

Natural environment: any place, other th

Question 20

Describe three behavioral episodes in this chapter that involved natural reinforcers.

Accepted Answer

Any three examples that involve natural

Exam 4: Increasing a Behavior With Positive Reinforcement

What is a positive reinforcer?

Should you tell an individual with whom you are using reinforcement about the reinforcement program before putting it into effect? Why or why not?

Describe an example of the Pitfall that involves a person unknowingly applying positive reinforcement to strengthen an undesirable behavior.

What is operant behavior? Give an example, and indicate how the example fits the definition of operant behavior.

Ideally, what four qualities should a reinforcer have (besides the necessary quality of functioning as a reinforcer)? (See p.42.)

Describe the Premack principle.

What is the principle of positive reinforcement?

How are positive and negative reinforcement similar, and how are they different?

Give an example of positive reinforcement of a desirable behavior that you have encountered.Identify the situation, behavior, immediate consequence, and probable long-term effects (As shown in Table 4.1).The example should not be from the text.

What do behavior modifiers mean by the term satiation? Give an example.

What is a baseline? Give an example of a baseline.

What are three indicators that a behavior change is due to indirect-acting versus direct-acting effects?

What do behavior modifiers mean by the term deprivation? Give an example.

What is a motivating operation? Give two examples, one of which should not be from this chapter.

Why is it necessary to be specific when selecting a behavior for a reinforcement program?

In what way is positive reinforcement like gravity?

List the five somewhat overlapping headings under which most positive reinforcers can be classified, and give an example of each that would be a positive reinforcer for you.

Using the definition of positive reinforcer, how might you conduct a test to determine if the social attention of a particular adult is or is not reinforcing for a withdrawn child?

What do we mean by the natural environment? By natural reinforcers? By programmed reinforcers?

Describe three behavioral episodes in this chapter that involved natural reinforcers.

Introduction

Areas of Application: an Overview

Respondent Classical, Pavlovian Conditioning of Reflexive Behavior

Increasing Behavior With Conditioned Reinforcement

Decreasing a Behavior With Operant Extinction

Getting a New Behavior to Occur With Shaping

Developing Behavioral Persistence With Schedules of Reinforcement

Responding at the Right Time and Place: Stimulus Discrimination and Stimulus Generalization

Changing the Stimulus Control of a Behavior With Fading

Getting a New Sequence of Behaviors to Occur With Behavior Chaining

Differential Reinforcement Procedures to Decrease Behavior

Decreasing Behavior With Punishment

Establishing Behavior by Escape and Avoidance Conditioning

Respondent and Operant Conditioning Together

Transferring Behavior to New Settings and Making It Last: Generality of Behavior Change

Antecedent Control: Rules and Goals

Antecedent Control: Modeling, Guidance, and Situational Inducement

Antecedent Control: Motivation

Behavioral Assessment: Initial Considerations

Direct Behavioral Assessment: What to Record and How

Doing Behavior Modification Research

Functional Assessment of Problem Behavior

Planning, Applying, and Evaluating a Behavioral Program

Token Economies

Helping an Individual to Develop Self-Control

Approaches to Behavior Therapy: Cognitive Restructuring; Self-Directed Coping Methods; and Mindfulness and Acceptance Procedures

Psychological Disorders Treated by Behavioral and Cognitive Behavioral Therapies

Giving It All Some Perspective: a Brief History

Ethical Issues

Shaping and Schedules of Reinforcement: A Comprehensive Guide

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