Question 1

In Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory,what is the exosystem?

Accepted Answer

A)  the activities and interactions that occur in a person's immediate surroundings 
B)  the cultural, subcultural, or social class context within which development occurs 
C)  contexts that children and adolescents are not part of, but which may nevertheless influence their development 
D)  changes in the child or in any of the ecological contexts of development 
A)  the activities and interactions that occur in a person's immediate surroundings 
B)  the cultural, subcultural, or social class context within which development occurs 
C)  contexts that children and adolescents are not part of, but which may nevertheless influence their development 
D)  changes in the child or in any of the ecological contexts of development

Question 2

Preschoolers and early elementary school children are learning to take initiative and are trying new tasks.According to Erikson,what type of parent fosters healthy development during this time?

Accepted Answer

A)  one who lets the child do what he or she wants 
B)  one who neither encourages nor discourages initiative 
C)  one who punishes initiative behaviours 
D)  one who helps achieve a balance between initiative taking and respecting others 
A)  one who lets the child do what he or she wants 
B)  one who neither encourages nor discourages initiative 
C)  one who punishes initiative behaviours 
D)  one who helps achieve a balance between initiative taking and respecting others

Question 3

What is implied if the developmental curve for a particular skill remains stable for many months and then shows a sudden abrupt improvement,and this pattern is repeated throughout childhood?

Accepted Answer

A)  The skill advances qualitatively. 
B)  The child interacts with multiple levels of society. 
C)  The skill advances discontinuously through stages. 
D)  Nature has dominated over nurture. 
A)  The skill advances qualitatively. 
B)  The child interacts with multiple levels of society. 
C)  The skill advances discontinuously through stages. 
D)  Nature has dominated over nurture.

Question 4

Freud's emphasis on psychosexual stages reflected which view of developmental change?

Accepted Answer

A)  continuity 
B)  discontinuity 
C)  passivity 
D)  activity 
A)  continuity 
B)  discontinuity 
C)  passivity 
D)  activity

Question 5

Identify two main differences between Erikson's psychosocial theory and Freud's psychosexual theory of development.

Accepted Answer

One main difference between Erikson's ps

Question 6

What is Piaget's term for an organized pattern of thought or action?

Accepted Answer

A)  stage 
B)  equilibration 
C)  assimilation 
D)  scheme 
A)  stage 
B)  equilibration 
C)  assimilation 
D)  scheme

Question 7

According to Piaget,which of the following best describes the process of accommodation?

Accepted Answer

A)  new experiences are incorporated into existing schemes 
B)  existing schemes are changed or modified to make sense of new experiences 
C)  recognition that objects continue to exist when they cannot be seen 
D)  failure to centre on a single aspect of a problem 
A)  new experiences are incorporated into existing schemes 
B)  existing schemes are changed or modified to make sense of new experiences 
C)  recognition that objects continue to exist when they cannot be seen 
D)  failure to centre on a single aspect of a problem

Question 8

Luisa proposed a theory that completely explained her observations of children's development during an extended visit to a small village in Africa.Luisa's theory offered no predictions about future observations in other cultures.How would her theory most likely be labelled?

Accepted Answer

A)  a good theory because it provided clear and complete explanations of her observations 
B)  a mediocre theory, because it did not generalize well to other situations 
C)  a poor theory, because it failed to generate interest from other scientists 
D)  a failure as a theory, because it was not falsifiable 
A)  a good theory because it provided clear and complete explanations of her observations 
B)  a mediocre theory, because it did not generalize well to other situations 
C)  a poor theory, because it failed to generate interest from other scientists 
D)  a failure as a theory, because it was not falsifiable

Question 9

Each of Erikson's eight stages reflects a conflict that arises because of biological maturation and which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  the child's demands 
B)  social demands 
C)  id development 
D)  ego development 
A)  the child's demands 
B)  social demands 
C)  id development 
D)  ego development

Question 10

According to Skinner,under what conditions does a stimulus become a reinforcer?

Accepted Answer

A)  when it decreases a biological need 
B)  when it increases the strength of the superego 
C)  when it increases the probability of a response 
D)  when it decreases the probability of a response 
A)  when it decreases a biological need 
B)  when it increases the strength of the superego 
C)  when it increases the probability of a response 
D)  when it decreases the probability of a response

Question 11

Compared to Freud's psychosexual theory,Erikson's theory of personality placed more emphasis on which personality structure?

Accepted Answer

A)  the id 
B)  the ego 
C)  the superego 
D)  the collective unconscious 
A)  the id 
B)  the ego 
C)  the superego 
D)  the collective unconscious

Question 12

According to Freud,what does the ego seek?

Accepted Answer

A)  immediate gratification of innate urges 
B)  moral perfection 
C)  appropriate outlets for basic needs while adhering to social constraints 
D)  self-actualization 
A)  immediate gratification of innate urges 
B)  moral perfection 
C)  appropriate outlets for basic needs while adhering to social constraints 
D)  self-actualization

Question 13

Andrea is a developmental psychologist who has just discovered she is pregnant with her first child.She plans to raise her child using the principles advocated by John Watson.Which practice(s)would Andrea need to avoid to meet her goal?

Accepted Answer

A)  providing the infant with educational toys 
B)  taking the infant out for long walks 
C)  talking to the infant and pointing out the animals in a picture book 
D)  kissing, cuddling, and holding the infant in her lap 
A)  providing the infant with educational toys 
B)  taking the infant out for long walks 
C)  talking to the infant and pointing out the animals in a picture book 
D)  kissing, cuddling, and holding the infant in her lap

Question 14

What did the neo-Freudian theorist Alfred Adler emphasize as an important factor in development?

Accepted Answer

A)  sex differences 
B)  birth order 
C)  sibling interactions 
D)  the collective unconscious 
A)  sex differences 
B)  birth order 
C)  sibling interactions 
D)  the collective unconscious

Question 15

Tyler asked his father for a candy bar at the grocery store,and his father bought him the candy bar.If Tyler asks for more candy bars in the future,what has the candy bar acted as?

Accepted Answer

A)  a reinforcer 
B)  a discriminative stimulus 
C)  a conditioned stimulus 
D)  an unconscious motivator 
A)  a reinforcer 
B)  a discriminative stimulus 
C)  a conditioned stimulus 
D)  an unconscious motivator

Question 16

According to which theorist are actions strengthened by reinforcers and weakened by punishers?

Accepted Answer

A)  Vygotsky 
B)  Skinner 
C)  Piaget 
D)  Bowlby 
A)  Vygotsky 
B)  Skinner 
C)  Piaget 
D)  Bowlby

Question 17

Edgar proposed a theory to explain children's learning.Over the years,several other researchers have tested Edgar's theory,with mixed results.In recent years,nearly every attempt at validation has resulted in disconfirmation of Edgar's theory.At this point,what should Edgar do?

Accepted Answer

A)  continue to support his theory as it is, because a few disconfirmations do not mean very much 
B)  consider revising his theory, because the recent disconfirmations suggest that there may be problems with the theory 
C)  discard his theory altogether, because the recent disconfirmations prove that his theory is incorrect 
D)  critically evaluate the procedures used in the studies that failed to confirm his theory in an attempt to uncover flaws in the research procedures 
A)  continue to support his theory as it is, because a few disconfirmations do not mean very much 
B)  consider revising his theory, because the recent disconfirmations suggest that there may be problems with the theory 
C)  discard his theory altogether, because the recent disconfirmations prove that his theory is incorrect 
D)  critically evaluate the procedures used in the studies that failed to confirm his theory in an attempt to uncover flaws in the research procedures

Question 18

Chris smokes heavily,overeats,and needs a lot of reassurance from his wife that she still loves him.Based on Freud's theory,we might expect to find that Chris had some type of trauma during which stage of psychosexual development?

Accepted Answer

A)  oral 
B)  anal 
C)  phallic 
D)  genital 
A)  oral 
B)  anal 
C)  phallic 
D)  genital

Question 19

At what point in the research process are theories developed?

Accepted Answer

A)  after initial observations; they are then adjusted as necessary after further investigation 
B)  before extensive research; they are unchanging 
C)  after initial observations; they are not changed unless there is a change in the events the theory explains 
D)  before any observations have been made; they are later evaluated to determine if the principles hold up to rigorous testing 
A)  after initial observations; they are then adjusted as necessary after further investigation 
B)  before extensive research; they are unchanging 
C)  after initial observations; they are not changed unless there is a change in the events the theory explains 
D)  before any observations have been made; they are later evaluated to determine if the principles hold up to rigorous testing

Question 20

Eight-year-old Charlotte thought all nurses were young females until a middle-aged male nurse took her temperature and pulse in the hospital.The change in Charlotte's understanding of who nurses can be illustrates which Piagetian process?

Accepted Answer

A)  accommodation 
B)  assimilation 
C)  object permanence 
D)  centration 
A)  accommodation 
B)  assimilation 
C)  object permanence 
D)  centration

In Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory,what is the exosystem?

Preschoolers and early elementary school children are learning to take initiative and are trying new tasks.According to Erikson,what type of parent fosters healthy development during this time?

What is implied if the developmental curve for a particular skill remains stable for many months and then shows a sudden abrupt improvement,and this pattern is repeated throughout childhood?

Freud's emphasis on psychosexual stages reflected which view of developmental change?

Identify two main differences between Erikson's psychosocial theory and Freud's psychosexual theory of development.

What is Piaget's term for an organized pattern of thought or action?

According to Piaget,which of the following best describes the process of accommodation?

Luisa proposed a theory that completely explained her observations of children's development during an extended visit to a small village in Africa.Luisa's theory offered no predictions about future observations in other cultures.How would her theory most likely be labelled?

Each of Erikson's eight stages reflects a conflict that arises because of biological maturation and which of the following?

According to Skinner,under what conditions does a stimulus become a reinforcer?

Compared to Freud's psychosexual theory,Erikson's theory of personality placed more emphasis on which personality structure?

According to Freud,what does the ego seek?

Andrea is a developmental psychologist who has just discovered she is pregnant with her first child.She plans to raise her child using the principles advocated by John Watson.Which practice(s)would Andrea need to avoid to meet her goal?

What did the neo-Freudian theorist Alfred Adler emphasize as an important factor in development?

Tyler asked his father for a candy bar at the grocery store,and his father bought him the candy bar.If Tyler asks for more candy bars in the future,what has the candy bar acted as?

According to which theorist are actions strengthened by reinforcers and weakened by punishers?

Edgar proposed a theory to explain children's learning.Over the years,several other researchers have tested Edgar's theory,with mixed results.In recent years,nearly every attempt at validation has resulted in disconfirmation of Edgar's theory.At this point,what should Edgar do?

Chris smokes heavily,overeats,and needs a lot of reassurance from his wife that she still loves him.Based on Freud's theory,we might expect to find that Chris had some type of trauma during which stage of psychosexual development?

At what point in the research process are theories developed?

Eight-year-old Charlotte thought all nurses were young females until a middle-aged male nurse took her temperature and pulse in the hospital.The change in Charlotte's understanding of who nurses can be illustrates which Piagetian process?

Introduction to Developmental Psychology and Its Research Strategies

Hereditary Influences on Development

Prenatal Development

Birth and the Newborns Readiness for Life

Physical Development

Early Cognitive Foundations

Cognitive Development

Cognitive Development

Intelligence

Development of Language and Communication Skills

Emotional Development,temperament,and Attachment

Development of the Self and Social Cognition

Sex Differences and Similarities,gender-Role Development,and Sexual Behavior

Moral Development,altruism,and Aggression

The Family

Extrafamilial Influences

Filters

Exam 2: Theories of Human Development

In Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory,what is the exosystem?

Preschoolers and early elementary school children are learning to take initiative and are trying new tasks.According to Erikson,what type of parent fosters healthy development during this time?

What is implied if the developmental curve for a particular skill remains stable for many months and then shows a sudden abrupt improvement,and this pattern is repeated throughout childhood?

Freud's emphasis on psychosexual stages reflected which view of developmental change?

Identify two main differences between Erikson's psychosocial theory and Freud's psychosexual theory of development.

What is Piaget's term for an organized pattern of thought or action?

According to Piaget,which of the following best describes the process of accommodation?

Luisa proposed a theory that completely explained her observations of children's development during an extended visit to a small village in Africa.Luisa's theory offered no predictions about future observations in other cultures.How would her theory most likely be labelled?

Each of Erikson's eight stages reflects a conflict that arises because of biological maturation and which of the following?

According to Skinner,under what conditions does a stimulus become a reinforcer?

Compared to Freud's psychosexual theory,Erikson's theory of personality placed more emphasis on which personality structure?

According to Freud,what does the ego seek?

Andrea is a developmental psychologist who has just discovered she is pregnant with her first child.She plans to raise her child using the principles advocated by John Watson.Which practice(s)would Andrea need to avoid to meet her goal?

What did the neo-Freudian theorist Alfred Adler emphasize as an important factor in development?

Tyler asked his father for a candy bar at the grocery store,and his father bought him the candy bar.If Tyler asks for more candy bars in the future,what has the candy bar acted as?

According to which theorist are actions strengthened by reinforcers and weakened by punishers?

Edgar proposed a theory to explain children's learning.Over the years,several other researchers have tested Edgar's theory,with mixed results.In recent years,nearly every attempt at validation has resulted in disconfirmation of Edgar's theory.At this point,what should Edgar do?

Chris smokes heavily,overeats,and needs a lot of reassurance from his wife that she still loves him.Based on Freud's theory,we might expect to find that Chris had some type of trauma during which stage of psychosexual development?

At what point in the research process are theories developed?

Eight-year-old Charlotte thought all nurses were young females until a middle-aged male nurse took her temperature and pulse in the hospital.The change in Charlotte's understanding of who nurses can be illustrates which Piagetian process?

Introduction to Developmental Psychology and Its Research Strategies

Hereditary Influences on Development

Prenatal Development

Birth and the Newborns Readiness for Life

Physical Development

Early Cognitive Foundations

Cognitive Development

Cognitive Development

Intelligence

Development of Language and Communication Skills

Emotional Development,temperament,and Attachment

Development of the Self and Social Cognition

Sex Differences and Similarities,gender-Role Development,and Sexual Behavior

Moral Development,altruism,and Aggression

The Family

Extrafamilial Influences

Filters