Question 1

What is one key difference between Vygotsky's sociocultural perspective and Piaget's view of cognitive development?

Accepted Answer

A)  From Vygotsky's perspective, cognitive development is less stage-like. 
B)  From Vygotsky's perspective, cognitive development is more stage-like. 
C)  From Vygotsky's perspective, the child plays a more active role in his or her own cognitive development. 
D)  From Vygotsky's perspective, the child plays a more central role in his or her own cognitive development. 
A)  From Vygotsky's perspective, cognitive development is less stage-like. 
B)  From Vygotsky's perspective, cognitive development is more stage-like. 
C)  From Vygotsky's perspective, the child plays a more active role in his or her own cognitive development. 
D)  From Vygotsky's perspective, the child plays a more central role in his or her own cognitive development.

Question 2

David lies,steals,and cheats routinely.According to Freud's theory,what would you conclude about David's personality structure?

Accepted Answer

A)  He has a weak id. 
B)  He has a weak ego. 
C)  He has a strong ego. 
D)  He has a strong id. 
A)  He has a weak id. 
B)  He has a weak ego. 
C)  He has a strong ego. 
D)  He has a strong id.

Question 3

Suppose that a new developmental theory builds on existing knowledge by allowing for the formation of new testable hypotheses.How would this theory be categorized?

Accepted Answer

A)  as parsimonious 
B)  as heuristic 
C)  as falsifiable 
D)  as normative 
A)  as parsimonious 
B)  as heuristic 
C)  as falsifiable 
D)  as normative

Question 4

Why was Piaget especially interested in the incorrect answers that children gave to his questions?

Accepted Answer

A)  They supported his theory that children have little innate knowledge and must be taught everything. 
B)  They supported his theory that children are incapable of learning at some points in development. 
C)  They showed that younger children do not merely know less, but they think differently from older children. 
D)  They supported his theory that young children used the same thought processes as older children, but lacked the memory capacity to process information effectively. 
A)  They supported his theory that children have little innate knowledge and must be taught everything. 
B)  They supported his theory that children are incapable of learning at some points in development. 
C)  They showed that younger children do not merely know less, but they think differently from older children. 
D)  They supported his theory that young children used the same thought processes as older children, but lacked the memory capacity to process information effectively.

Question 5

Which statement would be endorsed by a theorist who supported the notion of reciprocal determinism?

Accepted Answer

A)  Children can learn by observing the behaviour of others. 
B)  Environment affects the child but the child's behaviour also affects the environment. 
C)  Children are passive learners whose behaviour is determined by environmental factors. 
D)  Children are active learners whose behaviour is determined by environment and heredity. 
A)  Children can learn by observing the behaviour of others. 
B)  Environment affects the child but the child's behaviour also affects the environment. 
C)  Children are passive learners whose behaviour is determined by environmental factors. 
D)  Children are active learners whose behaviour is determined by environment and heredity.

Question 6

Which statement best characterizes how the behavioural learning viewpoint views development?

Accepted Answer

A)  as active, discontinuous, and dependent on external stimuli 
B)  as active, continuous, and dependent on internal forces. 
C)  as passive, continuous, and dependent on external stimuli 
D)  as passive, discontinuous, qualitative, and dependent on internal forces 
A)  as active, discontinuous, and dependent on external stimuli 
B)  as active, continuous, and dependent on internal forces. 
C)  as passive, continuous, and dependent on external stimuli 
D)  as passive, discontinuous, qualitative, and dependent on internal forces

Question 7

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development,through what process do children acquire new knowledge?

Accepted Answer

A)  active construction based on their experiences 
B)  observational learning 
C)  adult instruction, 
D)  punishment and reward 
E) g., demonstrations and explanations 
A)  active construction based on their experiences 
B)  observational learning 
C)  adult instruction, 
D)  punishment and reward 
E) g., demonstrations and explanations

Question 8

What is one of the major criticisms of the classic learning viewpoint?

Accepted Answer

A)  it provides relatively little information about infant development 
B)  its emphasis on biological maturation 
C)  its oversimplified account of the environmental factors that influence human development 
D)  many of its principles cannot be applied to real-life situations 
A)  it provides relatively little information about infant development 
B)  its emphasis on biological maturation 
C)  its oversimplified account of the environmental factors that influence human development 
D)  many of its principles cannot be applied to real-life situations

Question 9

Your spouse becomes moody and stops paying attention to you every time you start to criticize the way that he or she drives.Eventually you stop criticizing your spouse's driving.What might Skinner suggest that the withdrawal of attention acted as?

Accepted Answer

A)  a punisher 
B)  a conditioned stimulus 
C)  a reinforcer 
D)  an internal drive 
A)  a punisher 
B)  a conditioned stimulus 
C)  a reinforcer 
D)  an internal drive

Question 10

Sven tells you that he believes that children experience sudden,abrupt changes in how they perceive rules.Based on this statement,what could you assume that Sven believes about development?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is universal. 
B)  It is the result of genetic rather than behavioural causes. 
C)  It is the result of maturation. 
D)  It is discontinuous. 
A)  It is universal. 
B)  It is the result of genetic rather than behavioural causes. 
C)  It is the result of maturation. 
D)  It is discontinuous.

Question 11

Discuss radical behaviourism in terms of the innate-purity/original-sin issue,the nature-nurture issue,and the activity-passivity issue

Accepted Answer

For Watson,and to some extent for Skinne

Question 12

What is one key difference between Bandura's and Skinner's views of development?

Accepted Answer

A)  Bandura believes reinforcers and punishers have little effect on behaviour. 
B)  Bandura believes reinforcers are more effective than punishers in shaping behaviour. 
C)  Bandura believes people anticipate the consequences that are likely to follow their behaviour. 
D)  Bandura believes people will often work harder to obtain a small reward than they will to obtain a large reward. 
A)  Bandura believes reinforcers and punishers have little effect on behaviour. 
B)  Bandura believes reinforcers are more effective than punishers in shaping behaviour. 
C)  Bandura believes people anticipate the consequences that are likely to follow their behaviour. 
D)  Bandura believes people will often work harder to obtain a small reward than they will to obtain a large reward.

Question 13

According to Freud,which component of personality is responsible for perception,learning,and logical reasoning?

Accepted Answer

A)  the id 
B)  the ego 
C)  the superego 
D)  the collective unconscious 
A)  the id 
B)  the ego 
C)  the superego 
D)  the collective unconscious

Question 14

Often new environments and experiences have characteristics in common with experiences people have encountered in the past.According to Piaget,in these types of situations,which adaptive process is used to respond appropriately?

Accepted Answer

A)  accommodation 
B)  conservation 
C)  assimilation 
D)  centration 
A)  accommodation 
B)  conservation 
C)  assimilation 
D)  centration

Question 15

Which theorist has been a driving force to our understanding of a child's intellectual development?

Accepted Answer

A)  Bandura 
B)  Piaget 
C)  Bronfenbrenner 
D)  Freud 
A)  Bandura 
B)  Piaget 
C)  Bronfenbrenner 
D)  Freud

Question 16

In the classic tale of A Christmas Carol,a transformation took place in Scrooge despite his advanced age.In this tale,he eventually acquired a sense of intimacy and generativity.According to Erikson,is this type of happy ending typical?

Accepted Answer

A)  yes, because adult experiences can remedy unsatisfactory early resolutions to crises 
B)  yes, because early experience has little carryover to our adult personality 
C)  no, because unresolved early crises cannot be remedied later in life 
D)  no, because it is rare for individuals to achieve the sense of generativity that Erickson described. 
A)  yes, because adult experiences can remedy unsatisfactory early resolutions to crises 
B)  yes, because early experience has little carryover to our adult personality 
C)  no, because unresolved early crises cannot be remedied later in life 
D)  no, because it is rare for individuals to achieve the sense of generativity that Erickson described.

Question 17

What was one of Freud's most important contributions to our understanding of human behaviour?

Accepted Answer

A)  his discovery of the Oedipal complex 
B)  his emphasis on puberty 
C)  his emphasis on unconscious motivation 
D)  his discovery of the active role of the child 
A)  his discovery of the Oedipal complex 
B)  his emphasis on puberty 
C)  his emphasis on unconscious motivation 
D)  his discovery of the active role of the child

Question 18

Describe two lasting contributions that Piaget has made to the field of developmental psychology.

Accepted Answer

1. Theory of Cognitive Development: Piag

Question 19

Bandura was among the first to point out the potential for learning through observation.What factor did Bandura emphasize to account for this ability?

Accepted Answer

A)  maturation 
B)  experience 
C)  reinforcement 
D)  cognitive processes 
A)  maturation 
B)  experience 
C)  reinforcement 
D)  cognitive processes

Question 20

Five-year-old Michael visits a farm for the first time and mistakes the cows he sees there for horses,like those he has seen on television.According to Piaget,which process does Michael's error exemplify?

Accepted Answer

A)  accommodation 
B)  object permanence 
C)  centration 
D)  assimilation 
A)  accommodation 
B)  object permanence 
C)  centration 
D)  assimilation

What is one key difference between Vygotsky's sociocultural perspective and Piaget's view of cognitive development?

David lies,steals,and cheats routinely.According to Freud's theory,what would you conclude about David's personality structure?

Suppose that a new developmental theory builds on existing knowledge by allowing for the formation of new testable hypotheses.How would this theory be categorized?

Why was Piaget especially interested in the incorrect answers that children gave to his questions?

Which statement would be endorsed by a theorist who supported the notion of reciprocal determinism?

Which statement best characterizes how the behavioural learning viewpoint views development?

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development,through what process do children acquire new knowledge?

What is one of the major criticisms of the classic learning viewpoint?

Your spouse becomes moody and stops paying attention to you every time you start to criticize the way that he or she drives.Eventually you stop criticizing your spouse's driving.What might Skinner suggest that the withdrawal of attention acted as?

Sven tells you that he believes that children experience sudden,abrupt changes in how they perceive rules.Based on this statement,what could you assume that Sven believes about development?

Discuss radical behaviourism in terms of the innate-purity/original-sin issue,the nature-nurture issue,and the activity-passivity issue

What is one key difference between Bandura's and Skinner's views of development?

According to Freud,which component of personality is responsible for perception,learning,and logical reasoning?

Often new environments and experiences have characteristics in common with experiences people have encountered in the past.According to Piaget,in these types of situations,which adaptive process is used to respond appropriately?

Which theorist has been a driving force to our understanding of a child's intellectual development?

In the classic tale of A Christmas Carol,a transformation took place in Scrooge despite his advanced age.In this tale,he eventually acquired a sense of intimacy and generativity.According to Erikson,is this type of happy ending typical?

What was one of Freud's most important contributions to our understanding of human behaviour?

Describe two lasting contributions that Piaget has made to the field of developmental psychology.

Bandura was among the first to point out the potential for learning through observation.What factor did Bandura emphasize to account for this ability?

Five-year-old Michael visits a farm for the first time and mistakes the cows he sees there for horses,like those he has seen on television.According to Piaget,which process does Michael's error exemplify?

Introduction to Developmental Psychology and Its Research Strategies

Hereditary Influences on Development

Prenatal Development

Birth and the Newborns Readiness for Life

Physical Development

Early Cognitive Foundations

Cognitive Development

Cognitive Development

Intelligence

Development of Language and Communication Skills

Emotional Development,temperament,and Attachment

Development of the Self and Social Cognition

Sex Differences and Similarities,gender-Role Development,and Sexual Behavior

Moral Development,altruism,and Aggression

The Family

Extrafamilial Influences

Filters

Exam 2: Theories of Human Development

What is one key difference between Vygotsky's sociocultural perspective and Piaget's view of cognitive development?

David lies,steals,and cheats routinely.According to Freud's theory,what would you conclude about David's personality structure?

Suppose that a new developmental theory builds on existing knowledge by allowing for the formation of new testable hypotheses.How would this theory be categorized?

Why was Piaget especially interested in the incorrect answers that children gave to his questions?

Which statement would be endorsed by a theorist who supported the notion of reciprocal determinism?

Which statement best characterizes how the behavioural learning viewpoint views development?

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development,through what process do children acquire new knowledge?

What is one of the major criticisms of the classic learning viewpoint?

Your spouse becomes moody and stops paying attention to you every time you start to criticize the way that he or she drives.Eventually you stop criticizing your spouse's driving.What might Skinner suggest that the withdrawal of attention acted as?

Sven tells you that he believes that children experience sudden,abrupt changes in how they perceive rules.Based on this statement,what could you assume that Sven believes about development?

Discuss radical behaviourism in terms of the innate-purity/original-sin issue,the nature-nurture issue,and the activity-passivity issue

What is one key difference between Bandura's and Skinner's views of development?

According to Freud,which component of personality is responsible for perception,learning,and logical reasoning?

Often new environments and experiences have characteristics in common with experiences people have encountered in the past.According to Piaget,in these types of situations,which adaptive process is used to respond appropriately?

Which theorist has been a driving force to our understanding of a child's intellectual development?

In the classic tale of A Christmas Carol,a transformation took place in Scrooge despite his advanced age.In this tale,he eventually acquired a sense of intimacy and generativity.According to Erikson,is this type of happy ending typical?

What was one of Freud's most important contributions to our understanding of human behaviour?

Describe two lasting contributions that Piaget has made to the field of developmental psychology.

Bandura was among the first to point out the potential for learning through observation.What factor did Bandura emphasize to account for this ability?

Five-year-old Michael visits a farm for the first time and mistakes the cows he sees there for horses,like those he has seen on television.According to Piaget,which process does Michael's error exemplify?

Introduction to Developmental Psychology and Its Research Strategies

Hereditary Influences on Development

Prenatal Development

Birth and the Newborns Readiness for Life

Physical Development

Early Cognitive Foundations

Cognitive Development

Cognitive Development

Intelligence

Development of Language and Communication Skills

Emotional Development,temperament,and Attachment

Development of the Self and Social Cognition

Sex Differences and Similarities,gender-Role Development,and Sexual Behavior

Moral Development,altruism,and Aggression

The Family

Extrafamilial Influences

Filters