Exam 4: The First Two Years: Psychosocial Development

How might the crisis of "autonomy versus shame and doubt" affect later life?

Social learning is achieved by observing others.

According to Freud, if a parent is too strict with toilet training, it can result in a child who is fixated in the _____ stage.

Erikson's second stage of development is called:

The securely attached infant is unlikely to explore an unfamiliar environment when his or her mother is present.

What might happen if a person is stuck in the oral or anal stage of development?

The "proximity-seeking" and "contact-maintaining" behaviors of the 12-month-old infant are evidenced by the affectionate tie that Ainsworth called ______.

According to the New York Longitudinal Study, by approximately 3 months of age infants exhibit enough behaviors that they can be classified as one of _____ temperamental categories.

Why does "working model" arise from cognitive theory?

In a cross-cultural study examining child-rearing practices, it was demonstrated that toddlers with _____ mothers were more obedient but less self-aware than toddlers with distal mothers.

The biologically based core of individual differences in style of approach and response to the environment that remains stable across time and situations is what psychologists call ______.

A child fixated in the oral stage may become an adult who:

Which specific part of the brain is responsible for emotional self-regulation?

The crucial aspect of synchrony is:

In Erikson's theory, the infant's earliest task is described as that of:

One-year-old Jacob follows his mother when she moves about the house and tries to climb up her legs when she is sitting in a chair. He is exhibiting his attachment to her through ______ behavior.

Proximal parenting tends to produce children who are:

The part of the brain known as the ______ is affected by chronic early stress; as a result, the brain may develop more slowly in a stressed infant than in a non- stressed infant.

Outline and briefly discuss three conditions that predict secure attachment in infants.

When baby Erica met her grandfather's big dog for the first time, she cried and tried to move away from the dog. Erica is most likely: