Exam 12: School As a Context for Development

When children recognize which sounds correspond to which combinations of letters, they are:

Children generally learn the meaning of written text by translating ____________ to ____________.

What are the key elements in reciprocal teaching? How does this approach resemble Vygotsky's notion of "zone of proximal development"? Address the effectiveness of this approach.

Motivation is defined as:

Units of sounds are called:

Julia's teacher expects her to pay attention and try hard even if the material she is learning is hard and not interesting to her. Julia's teacher's expectations are:

Josefa and Ann have birthdays one month apart. Josefa's birth date puts her in first grade while Ann's puts her in kindergarten. When they are tested on a recall test at the end of the school year, Josefa remembers more items than Ann. What would you tell Ann's mother about this result?

In an ethnographic study of 3-year-olds growing up in the U.S., Brazil, and Kenya, Tudge and his colleagues (2006) found that:

A study that followed children who attended the Perry Preschool Program in Ypsilanti, Michigan, for more than 35 years found that in comparison with same-age children who did not attend the program, the children who did attend had:

The contexts within which apprentices learn are much like formal school contexts.

Bottom-up mathematics instruction begins with:

The purpose of instructional discourse is:

In a study of nearly 4000 African American families that were moved from urban high-rise housing projects, where poverty and crime were pervasive, to new, private housing in a wealthier suburban school district, researchers found that students who had been moved:

Project Head Start was one result of the war:

Harold Stevenson's study of mathematics performance in three cultures revealed that a likely reason for the Japanese superiority over the Americans was:

What is the MOST common type of learning disability?

In a study comparing a class that followed a traditional recitation-script approach and a class that used a small- group, problem-oriented approach, Boaler found that students in the:

Children who have a disability related to difficulty in phonological processing have:

The ability to fill in the blanks of a nursery rhyme indicates what ability?

Apprentices learn from their master in all of the following ways EXCEPT: