Question 1

The research on cognitive maps suggests that

Accepted Answer

A) 	people—surprisingly—are just as accurate in reading a road map when it does not match the orientation of their mental map as when it has the same orientation. 
B) 	people create cognitive maps from several successive views, if the area is very large. 
C) 	individual differences in people’s senses of direction are very small. 
D) 	there is a very high correlation between people’s verbal skills and their skills in creating cognitive maps. 
A) 	people—surprisingly—are just as accurate in reading a road map when it does not match the orientation of their mental map as when it has the same orientation. 
B) 	people create cognitive maps from several successive views, if the area is very large. 
C) 	individual differences in people’s senses of direction are very small. 
D) 	there is a very high correlation between people’s verbal skills and their skills in creating cognitive maps. B

Question 2

Why do researchers in the area of mental imagery need to be concerned about demand characteristics?

Accepted Answer

A)  Experimenters might unintentionally convey their hypotheses to the participants. 
B)  Experimenters typically expect participants to perform very well on imagery tasks. 
C)  When experimenters expect a certain outcome in their research, the participants unconsciously produce results that contradict this expectancy. 
D)  Demand characteristics typically increase the magnitude of individual differences. 
A)  Experimenters might unintentionally convey their hypotheses to the participants. 
B)  Experimenters typically expect participants to perform very well on imagery tasks. 
C)  When experimenters expect a certain outcome in their research, the participants unconsciously produce results that contradict this expectancy. 
D)  Demand characteristics typically increase the magnitude of individual differences. A

Question 3

Which of the following students provides the most accurate statement about the research on mental imagery?

Accepted Answer

A)  Susan: "There is a negative correlation between the size of a mental rotation and the number of seconds required to perform that mental rotation." 
B)  Shirin: "When people make judgments about the shapes of U.S. states, their judgments for mental images are similar to their judgments for physical stimuli." 
C)  Dirk: "In general, the research on mental imagery supports the propositional perspective on mental imagery, rather than the analog perspective." 
D)  Cyndi: "People make judgments about complex mental shapes in roughly the same way as they make judgments about complex physical shapes; but this similarity doesn't hold true for simple mental shapes." 
A)  Susan: "There is a negative correlation between the size of a mental rotation and the number of seconds required to perform that mental rotation." 
B)  Shirin: "When people make judgments about the shapes of U.S. states, their judgments for mental images are similar to their judgments for physical stimuli." 
C)  Dirk: "In general, the research on mental imagery supports the propositional perspective on mental imagery, rather than the analog perspective." 
D)  Cyndi: "People make judgments about complex mental shapes in roughly the same way as they make judgments about complex physical shapes; but this similarity doesn't hold true for simple mental shapes." B

Question 4

According to the research on mental imagery and shape, people take longer to make a judgment when two mental images have similar shapes than when they have different shapes. This finding tends to support

Accepted Answer

A)  experimenter expectancy. 
B)  the introspection approach. 
C)  bottom-up processing. 
D)  the analog-code approach. 
A)  experimenter expectancy. 
B)  the introspection approach. 
C)  bottom-up processing. 
D)  the analog-code approach.

Question 5

Suppose that you are driving to an unfamiliar city. To reach your destination with the smallest number of navigational errors, how should your map be oriented?

Accepted Answer

A)  "North" should be at the top. 
B)  "South" should be at the top. 
C)  The map should be oriented so that the top is in the same direction that you are traveling. 
D)  Surprisingly, the research shows that the orientation of the map has little influence on navigation accuracy. 
A)  "North" should be at the top. 
B)  "South" should be at the top. 
C)  The map should be oriented so that the top is in the same direction that you are traveling. 
D)  Surprisingly, the research shows that the orientation of the map has little influence on navigation accuracy.

Question 6

Chapter 7 examines gender comparisons in mental rotation skills. According to this discussion,

Accepted Answer

A)  gender differences tend to be smaller for mental rotation problems than for other mental imagery tasks. 
B)  none of the research has reported significant gender differences in mental rotation. 
C)  all of the research has reported significant gender differences in mental rotation. 
D)  the research sometimes shows that the gender differences in mental rotation disappear when the instructions are changed. 
A)  gender differences tend to be smaller for mental rotation problems than for other mental imagery tasks. 
B)  none of the research has reported significant gender differences in mental rotation. 
C)  all of the research has reported significant gender differences in mental rotation. 
D)  the research sometimes shows that the gender differences in mental rotation disappear when the instructions are changed.

Question 7

Suppose that you are reading an article about visual imagery. The researchers point out that demand characteristics might have influenced the results of this study. One example of this possibility would be:

Accepted Answer

A)  the participants tried to ruin the researchers' results by refusing to follow directions. 
B)  the participants tried to answer as quickly as possible, so they could leave early. 
C)  cues within the study conveyed the researchers' hypothesis to the participants, potentially influencing the participants' responses. 
D)  the researchers used a heuristic when trying to explain the results of this study. 
A)  the participants tried to ruin the researchers' results by refusing to follow directions. 
B)  the participants tried to answer as quickly as possible, so they could leave early. 
C)  cues within the study conveyed the researchers' hypothesis to the participants, potentially influencing the participants' responses. 
D)  the researchers used a heuristic when trying to explain the results of this study.

Question 8

In your textbook, Chapter 7 discusses meta-analyses that focus on gender comparisons in cognitive abilities. Which of the following is the area in which gender differences are typically the largest?

Accepted Answer

A)  Verbal abilities 
B)  Mathematics abilities 
C)  Spatial abilities such as locating hidden figures in a drawing 
D)  Spatial abilities such as mental rotation 
A)  Verbal abilities 
B)  Mathematics abilities 
C)  Spatial abilities such as locating hidden figures in a drawing 
D)  Spatial abilities such as mental rotation

Question 9

Which of the following is the best example of timbre?

Accepted Answer

A)  The difference between a tune played in two different octaves on a piano 
B)  The difference between the sound of a church bell directly overhead and the same bell a mile away 
C)  The difference between a note sung by a female soprano and a female alto 
D)  The difference between the sound made by a flute and the sound made by a violin 
A)  The difference between a tune played in two different octaves on a piano 
B)  The difference between the sound of a church bell directly overhead and the same bell a mile away 
C)  The difference between a note sung by a female soprano and a female alto 
D)  The difference between the sound made by a flute and the sound made by a violin

Question 10

According to the rotation heuristic,

Accepted Answer

A)  people line up two or more geographic areas so that they form a straight row with one another. 
B)  people tend to align angles so that the lines are perpendicular to each other. 
C)  people tend to remember figures as being more vertical or horizontal than they really are. 
D)  people tend to rotate their cognitive maps in a random pattern. 
A)  people line up two or more geographic areas so that they form a straight row with one another. 
B)  people tend to align angles so that the lines are perpendicular to each other. 
C)  people tend to remember figures as being more vertical or horizontal than they really are. 
D)  people tend to rotate their cognitive maps in a random pattern.

Question 11

Research on auditory imagery and pitch suggests that

Accepted Answer

A)  there are similar "distance" effects in auditory imagery as there are in visual imagery. 
B)  people can only imagine a very small range of pitches. 
C)  when imagining sounds, people tend to imagine them in a monotone, without pitch variation. 
D)  women are better at imagining a variety of pitches than men are. 
A)  there are similar "distance" effects in auditory imagery as there are in visual imagery. 
B)  people can only imagine a very small range of pitches. 
C)  when imagining sounds, people tend to imagine them in a monotone, without pitch variation. 
D)  women are better at imagining a variety of pitches than men are.

Question 12

An analog code means that

Accepted Answer

A)  a representation is very similar to the physical object. 
B)  we store information in terms of abstract descriptions. 
C)  we construct a representation from a verbal description. 
D)  the image is permanently stored in working memory. 
A)  a representation is very similar to the physical object. 
B)  we store information in terms of abstract descriptions. 
C)  we construct a representation from a verbal description. 
D)  the image is permanently stored in working memory.

Question 13

The neuropsychology evidence on the imagery question shows that

Accepted Answer

A)  imagery and perception involve entirely different biological processes. 
B)  during mental imagery, some portions of the visual-processing regions of the cortex seem to be activated. 
C)  the primary similarity between imagery and perception is that the visual receptors in the retina are stimulated in both cases. 
D)  the neuroscience research in this area has a major problem with demand characteristics, so we cannot draw clear-cut conclusions. 
A)  imagery and perception involve entirely different biological processes. 
B)  during mental imagery, some portions of the visual-processing regions of the cortex seem to be activated. 
C)  the primary similarity between imagery and perception is that the visual receptors in the retina are stimulated in both cases. 
D)  the neuroscience research in this area has a major problem with demand characteristics, so we cannot draw clear-cut conclusions.

Question 14

Which of the following students' statements best describes the spatial framework model proposed by Franklin and Tversky?

Accepted Answer

A)  Susan: "The mental maps we create do not have a built-in bias; we attach the same significance to left-right distinctions as to up-down distinctions." 
B)  Nadia: "The vertical dimension seems to have special significance when we try to create representations of our environment." 
C)  Stanley: "When we hear a story, we automatically assume the perspective of someone looking down on the scene from above, because of the up-down heuristic." 
A)  Susan: "The mental maps we create do not have a built-in bias; we attach the same significance to left-right distinctions as to up-down distinctions." 
B)  Nadia: "The vertical dimension seems to have special significance when we try to create representations of our environment." 
C)  Stanley: "When we hear a story, we automatically assume the perspective of someone looking down on the scene from above, because of the up-down heuristic."

Question 15

Suppose that you are listening to your professor's description of the layout of several buildings in a city. If the discussion of mental maps can be applied to your representation of this city, it is most likely that

Accepted Answer

A)  you will store this information in a passive fashion, without creating a cognitive map. 
B)  your cognitive map will represent the distances as being larger than they really are. 
C)  you will construct a cognitive map to represent the arrangement of buildings. 
D)  your cognitive map will be highly inaccurate. 
A)  you will store this information in a passive fashion, without creating a cognitive map. 
B)  your cognitive map will represent the distances as being larger than they really are. 
C)  you will construct a cognitive map to represent the arrangement of buildings. 
D)  your cognitive map will be highly inaccurate.

Question 16

If you were to draw a map of the town or city in which your college is located,

Accepted Answer

A)  you would make the streets intersect at sharp angles, rather than right angles. 
B)  you would make the streets more curved than they really are. 
C)  you would tend to make the streets intersect at 90° angles. 
D)  you would show a blending of your college building and the surrounding region, even if the boundary is really quite clear-cut. 
A)  you would make the streets intersect at sharp angles, rather than right angles. 
B)  you would make the streets more curved than they really are. 
C)  you would tend to make the streets intersect at 90° angles. 
D)  you would show a blending of your college building and the surrounding region, even if the boundary is really quite clear-cut.

Question 17

You are driving in your car, listening to a mystery story on the radio. The narrator has just described the room, and then the main character turns 180° to face the location that had previously been at her back. Your response time to locate objects on your mental map would be quickest for

Accepted Answer

A)  objects that are above or below her. 
B)  objects that are in front of or behind her. 
C)  objects that are to her left or right. 
D)  all objects; the data do not show consistent differences. 
A)  objects that are above or below her. 
B)  objects that are in front of or behind her. 
C)  objects that are to her left or right. 
D)  all objects; the data do not show consistent differences.

Question 18

Suppose that in your college campus, Building A is east of Building B, but they aren't exactly in a straight row; one is 15 feet north of the other. The students' cognitive maps show them in a straight row, however. A likely explanation for this effect is

Accepted Answer

A)  the rotation heuristic. 
B)  the meta-analysis technique. 
C)  the 90° angle heuristic. 
D)  the alignment heuristic. 
A)  the rotation heuristic. 
B)  the meta-analysis technique. 
C)  the 90° angle heuristic. 
D)  the alignment heuristic.

Question 19

Reed conducted research demonstrating that people had difficulty locating a parallelogram in their mental image of a six-sided star. This research

Accepted Answer

A)  supports the analog position on mental images. 
B)  demonstrates that mental images require a four-stage processing sequence. 
C)  supports the idea that we use verbal descriptions to store mental images. 
D)  demonstrates that we must reject both the analog and propositional views of mental imagery. 
A)  supports the analog position on mental images. 
B)  demonstrates that mental images require a four-stage processing sequence. 
C)  supports the idea that we use verbal descriptions to store mental images. 
D)  demonstrates that we must reject both the analog and propositional views of mental imagery.

Question 20

According to the introductory discussion of cognitive maps,

Accepted Answer

A)  the term cognitive map refers to the map constructed by neuroscientists, in which each location of the cortex is paired with a related cognitive task. 
B)  whereas the term cognitive map refers to our mental representation of an imaginary region, the term spatial cognition applies to our mental representation of an actual geographic area. 
C)  compared to the research on the nature of mental images, the research on cognitive maps is more likely to emphasize geographical representations. 
D)  so far, cognitive maps have been examined almost exclusively by psychologists, rather than researchers from other disciplines. 
A)  the term cognitive map refers to the map constructed by neuroscientists, in which each location of the cortex is paired with a related cognitive task. 
B)  whereas the term cognitive map refers to our mental representation of an imaginary region, the term spatial cognition applies to our mental representation of an actual geographic area. 
C)  compared to the research on the nature of mental images, the research on cognitive maps is more likely to emphasize geographical representations. 
D)  so far, cognitive maps have been examined almost exclusively by psychologists, rather than researchers from other disciplines.

The research on cognitive maps suggests that

Why do researchers in the area of mental imagery need to be concerned about demand characteristics?

Which of the following students provides the most accurate statement about the research on mental imagery?

According to the research on mental imagery and shape, people take longer to make a judgment when two mental images have similar shapes than when they have different shapes. This finding tends to support

Suppose that you are driving to an unfamiliar city. To reach your destination with the smallest number of navigational errors, how should your map be oriented?

Chapter 7 examines gender comparisons in mental rotation skills. According to this discussion,

Suppose that you are reading an article about visual imagery. The researchers point out that demand characteristics might have influenced the results of this study. One example of this possibility would be:

In your textbook, Chapter 7 discusses meta-analyses that focus on gender comparisons in cognitive abilities. Which of the following is the area in which gender differences are typically the largest?

Which of the following is the best example of timbre?

According to the rotation heuristic,

Research on auditory imagery and pitch suggests that

An analog code means that

The neuropsychology evidence on the imagery question shows that

Which of the following students' statements best describes the spatial framework model proposed by Franklin and Tversky?

Suppose that you are listening to your professor's description of the layout of several buildings in a city. If the discussion of mental maps can be applied to your representation of this city, it is most likely that

If you were to draw a map of the town or city in which your college is located,

You are driving in your car, listening to a mystery story on the radio. The narrator has just described the room, and then the main character turns 180° to face the location that had previously been at her back. Your response time to locate objects on your mental map would be quickest for

Suppose that in your college campus, Building A is east of Building B, but they aren't exactly in a straight row; one is 15 feet north of the other. The students' cognitive maps show them in a straight row, however. A likely explanation for this effect is

Reed conducted research demonstrating that people had difficulty locating a parallelogram in their mental image of a six-sided star. This research

According to the introductory discussion of cognitive maps,

An Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Visual and Auditory Recognition

Attention and Consciousness

Working Memory

Long-Term Memory

Memory Strategies and Metacognition

General Knowledge

Language I: Introduction to Language and Language Comprehension

Language II: Language Production and Bilingualism

Problem Solving and Creativity

Deductive Reasoning and Decision Making

Cognitive Development Throughout the Lifespan

Filters

Exam 7: Mental Imagery and Cognitive Maps

The research on cognitive maps suggests that

Why do researchers in the area of mental imagery need to be concerned about demand characteristics?

Which of the following students provides the most accurate statement about the research on mental imagery?

According to the research on mental imagery and shape, people take longer to make a judgment when two mental images have similar shapes than when they have different shapes. This finding tends to support

Suppose that you are driving to an unfamiliar city. To reach your destination with the smallest number of navigational errors, how should your map be oriented?

Chapter 7 examines gender comparisons in mental rotation skills. According to this discussion,

Suppose that you are reading an article about visual imagery. The researchers point out that demand characteristics might have influenced the results of this study. One example of this possibility would be:

In your textbook, Chapter 7 discusses meta-analyses that focus on gender comparisons in cognitive abilities. Which of the following is the area in which gender differences are typically the largest?

Which of the following is the best example of timbre?

According to the rotation heuristic,

Research on auditory imagery and pitch suggests that

An analog code means that

The neuropsychology evidence on the imagery question shows that

Which of the following students' statements best describes the spatial framework model proposed by Franklin and Tversky?

Suppose that you are listening to your professor's description of the layout of several buildings in a city. If the discussion of mental maps can be applied to your representation of this city, it is most likely that

If you were to draw a map of the town or city in which your college is located,

You are driving in your car, listening to a mystery story on the radio. The narrator has just described the room, and then the main character turns 180° to face the location that had previously been at her back. Your response time to locate objects on your mental map would be quickest for

Suppose that in your college campus, Building A is east of Building B, but they aren't exactly in a straight row; one is 15 feet north of the other. The students' cognitive maps show them in a straight row, however. A likely explanation for this effect is

Reed conducted research demonstrating that people had difficulty locating a parallelogram in their mental image of a six-sided star. This research

According to the introductory discussion of cognitive maps,

An Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Visual and Auditory Recognition

Attention and Consciousness

Working Memory

Long-Term Memory

Memory Strategies and Metacognition

General Knowledge

Language I: Introduction to Language and Language Comprehension

Language II: Language Production and Bilingualism

Problem Solving and Creativity

Deductive Reasoning and Decision Making

Cognitive Development Throughout the Lifespan

Filters