Question 1

According to the levels-of-processing approach, the most effective way to learn a passage in a textbook is usually in terms of

Accepted Answer

A)  its meaning. 
B)  its physical characteristics. 
C)  the sound of the words that you need to remember. 
D)  the color of ink in which the passage is printed 
A)  its meaning. 
B)  its physical characteristics. 
C)  the sound of the words that you need to remember. 
D)  the color of ink in which the passage is printed A

Question 2

Foley and her colleagues (1999) proposed that the research on self-reference may actually underestimate the magnitude of the self-reference effect. They reached this conclusion because

Accepted Answer

A)  participants typically process items at a shallow level of processing, even when they are instructed to use deep processing. 
B)  the meta-analysis of the data on the self-reference effect demonstrates that this technique is not especially helpful. 
C)  participants cannot really relate items to their own lives. 
D)  the participants reported that they had often used self-reference processing, even when they had received other instructions. 
A)  participants typically process items at a shallow level of processing, even when they are instructed to use deep processing. 
B)  the meta-analysis of the data on the self-reference effect demonstrates that this technique is not especially helpful. 
C)  participants cannot really relate items to their own lives. 
D)  the participants reported that they had often used self-reference processing, even when they had received other instructions. D

Question 3

Suppose that some researchers would like to see whether memory is enhanced by using vivid imagery. They locate a large number of studies and use a statistical method to combine all the information to determine whether vivid imagery is effective. The method they use would be called as

Accepted Answer

A)  dissociation. 
B)  correlation. 
C)  meta-analysis. 
D)  metamemory. 
A)  dissociation. 
B)  correlation. 
C)  meta-analysis. 
D)  metamemory. C

Question 4

Which of the following students provides the most accurate summary about the emotions associated with events that occurred in the past?

Accepted Answer

A)  Hongbo: "Neutral events usually become more negative." 
B)  Josiah: "The emotional tone of pleasant events fades more than the emotional tone of negative events." 
C)  Anna: "The emotional tone of unpleasant events fades more than the emotional tone of pleasant events." 
D)  Sidney: "People who tend to be depressed show no fading in emotional tone for either pleasant or unpleasant events." 
A)  Hongbo: "Neutral events usually become more negative." 
B)  Josiah: "The emotional tone of pleasant events fades more than the emotional tone of negative events." 
C)  Anna: "The emotional tone of unpleasant events fades more than the emotional tone of pleasant events." 
D)  Sidney: "People who tend to be depressed show no fading in emotional tone for either pleasant or unpleasant events."

Question 5

Several students are discussing the controversy about recovered memory and false memory. Which of the following students provides the best summary of the "recovered memory perspective"?

Accepted Answer

A)  Michele: "According to this perspective, all memories that adults recover about childhood sexual abuse are inaccurate, resulting from source-monitoring problems." 
B)  Magali: "This perspective says that there is no objective way to tell whether recovered memories are accurate, so that individuals are advised not to be concerned about them." 
C)  Greg: "According to this perspective, childhood sexual abuse is so traumatic that people may forget those memories for a while, but may retrieve them during adulthood." 
D)  Sol: "According to this perspective, a recovered memory is actually a constructed memory, in other words, people revise the past so that it is consistent with the present." 
A)  Michele: "According to this perspective, all memories that adults recover about childhood sexual abuse are inaccurate, resulting from source-monitoring problems." 
B)  Magali: "This perspective says that there is no objective way to tell whether recovered memories are accurate, so that individuals are advised not to be concerned about them." 
C)  Greg: "According to this perspective, childhood sexual abuse is so traumatic that people may forget those memories for a while, but may retrieve them during adulthood." 
D)  Sol: "According to this perspective, a recovered memory is actually a constructed memory, in other words, people revise the past so that it is consistent with the present."

Question 6

Which of the following is an example of episodic memory?

Accepted Answer

A)  I remember receiving the letter of acceptance from my college. 
B)  I remember how to make spinach lasagna. 
C)  I know that daffodils bloom in the spring. 
D)  I know that Spanish has two different words for "to be." 
A)  I remember receiving the letter of acceptance from my college. 
B)  I remember how to make spinach lasagna. 
C)  I know that daffodils bloom in the spring. 
D)  I know that Spanish has two different words for "to be."

Question 7

Chapter 5 discussed research about anxiety disorders and memory accuracy for words related to anxiety. According to this research,

Accepted Answer

A)  no matter how memory is measured, there are no significant differences between low-anxious and high-anxious people with respect to memory for words related to anxiety. 
B)  high-anxious and low-anxious people differ significantly, when memory is measured in terms of implicit memory. 
C)  high-anxious and low-anxious people differ significantly, when memory is measured on a recognition test. 
D)  high-anxious and low-anxious people differ significantly, when memory is measured on a recall test. 
A)  no matter how memory is measured, there are no significant differences between low-anxious and high-anxious people with respect to memory for words related to anxiety. 
B)  high-anxious and low-anxious people differ significantly, when memory is measured in terms of implicit memory. 
C)  high-anxious and low-anxious people differ significantly, when memory is measured on a recognition test. 
D)  high-anxious and low-anxious people differ significantly, when memory is measured on a recall test.

Question 8

Stephanie is trying to decide whether she told Sid that the history test had been postponed-or whether she had only imagined telling him this. Stephanie is currently engaging in

Accepted Answer

A)  flashbulb memory. 
B)  an implicit memory task. 
C)  reality monitoring. 
D)  a dissociation. 
A)  flashbulb memory. 
B)  an implicit memory task. 
C)  reality monitoring. 
D)  a dissociation.

Question 9

The Pollyanna Principle is consistent with which theme of the textbook?

Accepted Answer

A)  The cognitive processes are interrelated. 
B)  The cognitive processes are active, rather than passive. 
C)  The cognitive processes are efficient and accurate. 
D)  People process positive information more accurately than negative information. 
A)  The cognitive processes are interrelated. 
B)  The cognitive processes are active, rather than passive. 
C)  The cognitive processes are efficient and accurate. 
D)  People process positive information more accurately than negative information.

Question 10

What general conclusion can we draw about our memory accuracy for important events in our lives ("flashbulb memories")?

Accepted Answer

A)  For these events, our memories are so accurate that the name "flashbulb memory" is appropriate. 
B)  For a disastrous event, people who live far away from the event are actually somewhat more likely than others to develop an accurate "flashbulb memory." 
C)  These "flashbulb memories" can be explained by ordinary mechanisms, such as rehearsal frequency. 
D)  Surprisingly, these "flashbulb memories" become even more accurate as time passes since the original event. 
A)  For these events, our memories are so accurate that the name "flashbulb memory" is appropriate. 
B)  For a disastrous event, people who live far away from the event are actually somewhat more likely than others to develop an accurate "flashbulb memory." 
C)  These "flashbulb memories" can be explained by ordinary mechanisms, such as rehearsal frequency. 
D)  Surprisingly, these "flashbulb memories" become even more accurate as time passes since the original event.

Question 11

Which of the following statements most accurately captures the point of view called the "false memory perspective" with respect to childhood sexual abuse?

Accepted Answer

A)  As adults, people construct an incorrect memory about abuse, and they believe that the abuse actually did occur. 
B)  As adults, people are encouraged to report an incorrect memory about abuse, but they actually know that the abuse did not occur. 
C)  As adults, people construct an incorrect memory that their childhood was actually quite pleasant, and they cover up their actual experience of abuse. 
D)  As children, people construct an incorrect memory about abuse, but as adults, they realize that the abuse did not occur. 
A)  As adults, people construct an incorrect memory about abuse, and they believe that the abuse actually did occur. 
B)  As adults, people are encouraged to report an incorrect memory about abuse, but they actually know that the abuse did not occur. 
C)  As adults, people construct an incorrect memory that their childhood was actually quite pleasant, and they cover up their actual experience of abuse. 
D)  As children, people construct an incorrect memory about abuse, but as adults, they realize that the abuse did not occur.

Question 12

Suppose that Peter is an expert in gymnastics. You would expect to find that

Accepted Answer

A)  he is also an expert in several other unrelated areas. 
B)  he actually has less vivid imagery about gymnastics than a nonexpert would have. 
C)  he has an IQ that is in the gifted range. 
D)  he practices gymnastics very conscientiously, typically at least an hour every day. 
A)  he is also an expert in several other unrelated areas. 
B)  he actually has less vivid imagery about gymnastics than a nonexpert would have. 
C)  he has an IQ that is in the gifted range. 
D)  he practices gymnastics very conscientiously, typically at least an hour every day.

Question 13

You read in a psychology journal that the authors of an article have conducted a meta-analysis. You conclude that they have

Accepted Answer

A)  analyzed the variety of independent variables that would probably influence the dependent variable they are studying. 
B)  conducted a study with at least 100 participants. 
C)  located previous studies on a topic and then statistically combined the results of those studies in order to determine an overall effect. 
D)  interviewed at least 20 experts in the appropriate field and compared their opinions on a particular topic. 
A)  analyzed the variety of independent variables that would probably influence the dependent variable they are studying. 
B)  conducted a study with at least 100 participants. 
C)  located previous studies on a topic and then statistically combined the results of those studies in order to determine an overall effect. 
D)  interviewed at least 20 experts in the appropriate field and compared their opinions on a particular topic.

Question 14

Suppose that you hear a guest lecturer who says, "We must remember that expertise is typically context specific." Another way of stating this point is that

Accepted Answer

A)  a person's expertise is often limited to one specific area; he or she may have average-level performance in other areas. 
B)  an expert is even more likely than a novice to demonstrate encoding specificity. 
C)  an expert is more likely than a novice to show dissociation on a variety of tasks. 
D)  an expert's performance is limited to the structure of his or her knowledge, rather than organizational or rehearsal processes. 
A)  a person's expertise is often limited to one specific area; he or she may have average-level performance in other areas. 
B)  an expert is even more likely than a novice to demonstrate encoding specificity. 
C)  an expert is more likely than a novice to show dissociation on a variety of tasks. 
D)  an expert's performance is limited to the structure of his or her knowledge, rather than organizational or rehearsal processes.

Question 15

In general, what is the relationship between emotional tone and recall accuracy in long-term memory?

Accepted Answer

A)  Emotional tone has little influence on recall in long-term memory, although it does influence working memory. 
B)  Recall is generally most accurate for mildly unpleasant items. 
C)  Recall is generally most accurate for neutral items. 
D)  Recall is generally most accurate for pleasant items. 
A)  Emotional tone has little influence on recall in long-term memory, although it does influence working memory. 
B)  Recall is generally most accurate for mildly unpleasant items. 
C)  Recall is generally most accurate for neutral items. 
D)  Recall is generally most accurate for pleasant items.

Question 16

People are more likely to make errors in eyewitness testimony

Accepted Answer

A)  if the original event was actually very consistent with a schema. 
B)  if there was believable post-event misinformation. 
C)  if there is no social pressure. 
D)  if these people provided eyewitness testimony immediately after the event. 
A)  if the original event was actually very consistent with a schema. 
B)  if there was believable post-event misinformation. 
C)  if there is no social pressure. 
D)  if these people provided eyewitness testimony immediately after the event.

Question 17

According to the textbook's description of a schema,

Accepted Answer

A)  a schema for an event is usually much more positive than the event really was. 
B)  our schema for an event tends to be highly accurate. 
C)  a schema is like a flashbulb memory, because it contains so many details. 
D)  our schemas tend to guide our recall. 
A)  a schema for an event is usually much more positive than the event really was. 
B)  our schema for an event tends to be highly accurate. 
C)  a schema is like a flashbulb memory, because it contains so many details. 
D)  our schemas tend to guide our recall.

Question 18

Chapter 5 discussed a study on the own-ethnicity bias. The study was conducted in Great Britain, where many residents are South Asian. According to this study,

Accepted Answer

A)  British White residents were more accurate in distinguishing British White faces than South Asian faces. 
B)  British White residents were equally accurate in distinguishing British White faces and South Asian faces. 
C)  South Asian residents were more accurate in distinguishing South Asian faces than British White faces. 
D)  British White residents and South Asian residents are equally accurate in distinguishing both kinds of faces, probably because there are currently many films and advertisements that feature South Asian residents. 
A)  British White residents were more accurate in distinguishing British White faces than South Asian faces. 
B)  British White residents were equally accurate in distinguishing British White faces and South Asian faces. 
C)  South Asian residents were more accurate in distinguishing South Asian faces than British White faces. 
D)  British White residents and South Asian residents are equally accurate in distinguishing both kinds of faces, probably because there are currently many films and advertisements that feature South Asian residents.

Question 19

Suppose that students in a research study see a list of English words. Which of the following would be the best way for the researchers to test implicit memory later on in the session?

Accepted Answer

A)  Ask them to recall as many words as possible. 
B)  Show them a longer list of words and ask them to recognize which ones they saw earlier. 
C)  See if they show more encoding specificity for the words that were not in the original list. 
D)  Show them a longer list of words, with several letters missing from each word, and ask them to complete the words. 
A)  Ask them to recall as many words as possible. 
B)  Show them a longer list of words and ask them to recognize which ones they saw earlier. 
C)  See if they show more encoding specificity for the words that were not in the original list. 
D)  Show them a longer list of words, with several letters missing from each word, and ask them to complete the words.

Question 20

Suppose that you are an advertiser, and a television station has told you that you can select the TV program in which you want your advertisement to appear. According to the research on long-term memory, you want your ad to appear in a program that is

Accepted Answer

A)  emotionally neutral. 
B)  mildly unpleasant. 
C)  a violent cartoon show. 
D)  a violent news program. 
A)  emotionally neutral. 
B)  mildly unpleasant. 
C)  a violent cartoon show. 
D)  a violent news program.

According to the levels-of-processing approach, the most effective way to learn a passage in a textbook is usually in terms of

Foley and her colleagues (1999) proposed that the research on self-reference may actually underestimate the magnitude of the self-reference effect. They reached this conclusion because

Suppose that some researchers would like to see whether memory is enhanced by using vivid imagery. They locate a large number of studies and use a statistical method to combine all the information to determine whether vivid imagery is effective. The method they use would be called as

Which of the following students provides the most accurate summary about the emotions associated with events that occurred in the past?

Several students are discussing the controversy about recovered memory and false memory. Which of the following students provides the best summary of the "recovered memory perspective"?

Which of the following is an example of episodic memory?

Chapter 5 discussed research about anxiety disorders and memory accuracy for words related to anxiety. According to this research,

Stephanie is trying to decide whether she told Sid that the history test had been postponed-or whether she had only imagined telling him this. Stephanie is currently engaging in

The Pollyanna Principle is consistent with which theme of the textbook?

What general conclusion can we draw about our memory accuracy for important events in our lives ("flashbulb memories")?

Which of the following statements most accurately captures the point of view called the "false memory perspective" with respect to childhood sexual abuse?

Suppose that Peter is an expert in gymnastics. You would expect to find that

You read in a psychology journal that the authors of an article have conducted a meta-analysis. You conclude that they have

Suppose that you hear a guest lecturer who says, "We must remember that expertise is typically context specific." Another way of stating this point is that

In general, what is the relationship between emotional tone and recall accuracy in long-term memory?

People are more likely to make errors in eyewitness testimony

According to the textbook's description of a schema,

Chapter 5 discussed a study on the own-ethnicity bias. The study was conducted in Great Britain, where many residents are South Asian. According to this study,

Suppose that students in a research study see a list of English words. Which of the following would be the best way for the researchers to test implicit memory later on in the session?

Suppose that you are an advertiser, and a television station has told you that you can select the TV program in which you want your advertisement to appear. According to the research on long-term memory, you want your ad to appear in a program that is

An Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Visual and Auditory Recognition

Attention and Consciousness

Working Memory

Memory Strategies and Metacognition

Mental Imagery and Cognitive Maps

General Knowledge

Language I: Introduction to Language and Language Comprehension

Language II: Language Production and Bilingualism

Problem Solving and Creativity

Deductive Reasoning and Decision Making

Cognitive Development Throughout the Lifespan

Filters

Exam 5: Long-Term Memory

According to the levels-of-processing approach, the most effective way to learn a passage in a textbook is usually in terms of

Foley and her colleagues (1999) proposed that the research on self-reference may actually underestimate the magnitude of the self-reference effect. They reached this conclusion because

Suppose that some researchers would like to see whether memory is enhanced by using vivid imagery. They locate a large number of studies and use a statistical method to combine all the information to determine whether vivid imagery is effective. The method they use would be called as

Which of the following students provides the most accurate summary about the emotions associated with events that occurred in the past?

Several students are discussing the controversy about recovered memory and false memory. Which of the following students provides the best summary of the "recovered memory perspective"?

Which of the following is an example of episodic memory?

Chapter 5 discussed research about anxiety disorders and memory accuracy for words related to anxiety. According to this research,

Stephanie is trying to decide whether she told Sid that the history test had been postponed-or whether she had only imagined telling him this. Stephanie is currently engaging in

The Pollyanna Principle is consistent with which theme of the textbook?

What general conclusion can we draw about our memory accuracy for important events in our lives ("flashbulb memories")?

Which of the following statements most accurately captures the point of view called the "false memory perspective" with respect to childhood sexual abuse?

Suppose that Peter is an expert in gymnastics. You would expect to find that

You read in a psychology journal that the authors of an article have conducted a meta-analysis. You conclude that they have

Suppose that you hear a guest lecturer who says, "We must remember that expertise is typically context specific." Another way of stating this point is that

In general, what is the relationship between emotional tone and recall accuracy in long-term memory?

People are more likely to make errors in eyewitness testimony

According to the textbook's description of a schema,

Chapter 5 discussed a study on the own-ethnicity bias. The study was conducted in Great Britain, where many residents are South Asian. According to this study,

Suppose that students in a research study see a list of English words. Which of the following would be the best way for the researchers to test implicit memory later on in the session?

Suppose that you are an advertiser, and a television station has told you that you can select the TV program in which you want your advertisement to appear. According to the research on long-term memory, you want your ad to appear in a program that is

An Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Visual and Auditory Recognition

Attention and Consciousness

Working Memory

Memory Strategies and Metacognition

Mental Imagery and Cognitive Maps

General Knowledge

Language I: Introduction to Language and Language Comprehension

Language II: Language Production and Bilingualism

Problem Solving and Creativity

Deductive Reasoning and Decision Making

Cognitive Development Throughout the Lifespan

Filters