Question 1

According to the discussion of the narrative technique,

Accepted Answer

A)  this technique is effective if you need to learn a single list of items; its effectiveness is reduced when learning multiple lists. 
B)  the research suggests that this technique works well as long as you can create the story easily and also recall it easily. 
C)  this technique is effective with college students, but not for people with memory impairments. 
D)  this method is so effective that it works even if you use a weak story to link together the items. 
A)  this technique is effective if you need to learn a single list of items; its effectiveness is reduced when learning multiple lists. 
B)  the research suggests that this technique works well as long as you can create the story easily and also recall it easily. 
C)  this technique is effective with college students, but not for people with memory impairments. 
D)  this method is so effective that it works even if you use a weak story to link together the items. B

Question 2

What can we conclude about the use of imagery to improve memory?

Accepted Answer

A)  Imagery seems to be involved only in retrieval, rather than in encoding. 
B)  In general, people recall only 10% more if the instructions emphasize imagery, instead of simple repetition. 
C)  Compared to repetition instructions, imagery instructions produce much better recall. 
D)  Imagery is helpful on recognition tasks, but not on recall tasks. 
A)  Imagery seems to be involved only in retrieval, rather than in encoding. 
B)  In general, people recall only 10% more if the instructions emphasize imagery, instead of simple repetition. 
C)  Compared to repetition instructions, imagery instructions produce much better recall. 
D)  Imagery is helpful on recognition tasks, but not on recall tasks. C

Question 3

According to the principle of memory called the total-time hypothesis,

Accepted Answer

A)  your score on a memory task is related to the amount of time you spend in learning the material. 
B)  the total time you spend in learning the material is such an important factor that it overshadows the combined impact of all the other memory strategies. 
C)  your score on a memory task is positively correlated with the total time you spend in strengthening your brain by using general memory-building exercises. 
D)  the total time spent studying will typically decrease in a linear fashion, for each repetition of the list 
A)  your score on a memory task is related to the amount of time you spend in learning the material. 
B)  the total time you spend in learning the material is such an important factor that it overshadows the combined impact of all the other memory strategies. 
C)  your score on a memory task is positively correlated with the total time you spend in strengthening your brain by using general memory-building exercises. 
D)  the total time spent studying will typically decrease in a linear fashion, for each repetition of the list A

Question 4

An instructor makes online practice quizzes available to her students in order to help them study for the midterm exam. She allows the students to take each practice quiz more than once, but requires them to wait at least one day between attempts. She is trying to help students by making use of the principle of

Accepted Answer

A)  encoding specificity. 
B)  levels of processing. 
C)  desirable difficulties. 
D)  massed learning. 
A)  encoding specificity. 
B)  levels of processing. 
C)  desirable difficulties. 
D)  massed learning.

Question 5

Which of the following students provides the best comparison between the term "metacognition" and the term "self-knowledge"?

Accepted Answer

A)  Sue: "Metacognition refers to people's beliefs about other people; in contrast, self-knowledge is a broad term that refers to people's beliefs about themselves." 
B)  Audrey: "Metacognition refers to your knowledge about your cognitive skills; self-knowledge is a general term that includes a wide variety of beliefs about yourself." 
C)  Timoteo: "Metacognition refers to your study strategies; in contrast, self-knowledge refers to your knowledge about whether you will be able to apply those study strategies." 
D)  Sergei: "Metacognition refers to your prediction about your past performance; self-knowledge refers to your predictions about your future performance." 
A)  Sue: "Metacognition refers to people's beliefs about other people; in contrast, self-knowledge is a broad term that refers to people's beliefs about themselves." 
B)  Audrey: "Metacognition refers to your knowledge about your cognitive skills; self-knowledge is a general term that includes a wide variety of beliefs about yourself." 
C)  Timoteo: "Metacognition refers to your study strategies; in contrast, self-knowledge refers to your knowledge about whether you will be able to apply those study strategies." 
D)  Sergei: "Metacognition refers to your prediction about your past performance; self-knowledge refers to your predictions about your future performance."

Question 6

The tip-of-the-tongue experience is related to metacognition because

Accepted Answer

A)  people think about whether they are likely to remember the target word, and this estimate is one kind of metacognitive task. 
B)  people are highly accurate in both their tip-of-the-tongue estimates and their metacognition estimates. 
C)  people consistently underestimate their accuracy on both tip-of-the-tongue tasks and other metacognitive tasks. 
D)  people first give a general estimate of their accuracy, and then they systematically make adjustments to that estimate. 
A)  people think about whether they are likely to remember the target word, and this estimate is one kind of metacognitive task. 
B)  people are highly accurate in both their tip-of-the-tongue estimates and their metacognition estimates. 
C)  people consistently underestimate their accuracy on both tip-of-the-tongue tasks and other metacognitive tasks. 
D)  people first give a general estimate of their accuracy, and then they systematically make adjustments to that estimate.

Question 7

Which of the following definitions for the term "foresight bias" is most accurate?

Accepted Answer

A)  A foresight bias occurs when the researchers try to anticipate-in advance-the problems with a study. 
B)  Foresight bias occurs when researchers examine the dependent variables to see whether they will be high in external validity. 
C)  Foresight bias occurs when people judge their mastery of some material that they have been studying, although they have been using an inappropriate mnemonic device. 
D)  Foresight bias occurs when people are too confident that they will do well in a future exam, based on the estimates they make while studying the material. 
A)  A foresight bias occurs when the researchers try to anticipate-in advance-the problems with a study. 
B)  Foresight bias occurs when researchers examine the dependent variables to see whether they will be high in external validity. 
C)  Foresight bias occurs when people judge their mastery of some material that they have been studying, although they have been using an inappropriate mnemonic device. 
D)  Foresight bias occurs when people are too confident that they will do well in a future exam, based on the estimates they make while studying the material.

Question 8

Suppose that people are working on an ongoing task. They are most likely to forget to complete a prospective-memory task if

Accepted Answer

A)  they create a mental image of that prospective-memory task. 
B)  they are performing the ongoing task automatically. 
C)  the ongoing task is relatively easy. 
D)  they create some concrete, external reminder of the prospective-memory task. 
A)  they create a mental image of that prospective-memory task. 
B)  they are performing the ongoing task automatically. 
C)  the ongoing task is relatively easy. 
D)  they create some concrete, external reminder of the prospective-memory task.

Question 9

Mandi is studying for her biopsychology exam by creating a diagram for the parts of the human nervous system. Her diagram shows two basic divisions, the peripheral nervous system and the central nervous system; each of these systems is further divided and then subdivided. Mandi is using

Accepted Answer

A)  the method of loci. 
B)  the spacing effect. 
C)  the keyword method. 
D)  the hierarchy technique. 
A)  the method of loci. 
B)  the spacing effect. 
C)  the keyword method. 
D)  the hierarchy technique.

Question 10

Suppose that you meet a student named Jane Frostig, and you try to recall her last name by imagining that she has chocolate frosting spread across her forehead. Which mnemonic method would this represent?

Accepted Answer

A)  Keyword method 
B)  Method of loci 
C)  Chunking method 
D)  Source monitoring 
A)  Keyword method 
B)  Method of loci 
C)  Chunking method 
D)  Source monitoring

Question 11

Colin has high reading comprehension abilities, as measured by his scores on the verbal SAT. Stefan has only average reading comprehension. Both Connor and Stefan read a series of unfamiliar text passages, and then answer reading comprehension questions about the passages. For the items for which Connor and Stefan both express an average certainty rating of 75%, you would expect that

Accepted Answer

A)  Connor would get about 75% of those items correct. 
B)  Stefan would get about 75% of those items correct. 
C)  Both Connor and Stefan would be overconfident about their scores. 
D)  Both Connor and Stefan would be underconfident about their scores. 
A)  Connor would get about 75% of those items correct. 
B)  Stefan would get about 75% of those items correct. 
C)  Both Connor and Stefan would be overconfident about their scores. 
D)  Both Connor and Stefan would be underconfident about their scores.

Question 12

What can we conclude about college students' accuracy on measures of metacomprehension?

Accepted Answer

A)  Students' metacomprehension is generally as accurate as their metamemory for learning pairs of English words. 
B)  Metacomprehension is about as accurate for reading comprehension as for other items on the verbal portion of the SAT. 
C)  Students are only slightly more confident about the items they answered correctly than the items they answered incorrectly. 
D)  There is no relationship between students' confidence about whether they answered an item correctly and their actual accuracy. 
A)  Students' metacomprehension is generally as accurate as their metamemory for learning pairs of English words. 
B)  Metacomprehension is about as accurate for reading comprehension as for other items on the verbal portion of the SAT. 
C)  Students are only slightly more confident about the items they answered correctly than the items they answered incorrectly. 
D)  There is no relationship between students' confidence about whether they answered an item correctly and their actual accuracy.

Question 13

Part of Chapter 6 examined students' study strategies for easy and difficult material. Which of the following students provides the most accurate perspective on that research?

Accepted Answer

A)  Carlo: "When the memory task is relatively easy, students spend about the same amount of time studying the easiest items and the most difficult items." 
B)  Sondra: "When the memory task is relatively easy, students spend the most time on the difficult items; when the memory task is relatively difficult, students spend the most time on the easy items." 
C)  Phil: "Students study the difficult items more than the easy items when the material is related to their own interests; otherwise, they show no consistent pattern in their study strategies." 
D)  Indira: "Students' study strategies depend on their motivational level; the most motivated students divide their time equally among the topics, but the less motivated students spend more time on the difficult tasks." 
A)  Carlo: "When the memory task is relatively easy, students spend about the same amount of time studying the easiest items and the most difficult items." 
B)  Sondra: "When the memory task is relatively easy, students spend the most time on the difficult items; when the memory task is relatively difficult, students spend the most time on the easy items." 
C)  Phil: "Students study the difficult items more than the easy items when the material is related to their own interests; otherwise, they show no consistent pattern in their study strategies." 
D)  Indira: "Students' study strategies depend on their motivational level; the most motivated students divide their time equally among the topics, but the less motivated students spend more time on the difficult tasks."

Question 14

According to the research on students' distribution of their study time, they tend to

Accepted Answer

A)  systematically study the difficult items more than the easy ones. 
B)  study the difficult items somewhat more than the easy ones. 
C)  devote the same amount of time to both the difficult items and the easy ones. 
D)  study the easy ones somewhat more than the difficult ones. 
A)  systematically study the difficult items more than the easy ones. 
B)  study the difficult items somewhat more than the easy ones. 
C)  devote the same amount of time to both the difficult items and the easy ones. 
D)  study the easy ones somewhat more than the difficult ones.

Question 15

Which of the following students provides the best definition of the term "ecological validity"?

Accepted Answer

A)  Emily: "Ecological validity means that you are testing hypotheses that assess people's concern about the environment." 
B)  Patrick: "Ecological validity refers to research in which you assess two different dependent variables." 
C)  Tessa: "Ecological validity means that there is a high similarity between the situation where the study is being conducted, and the situation in "real life" where the results will be applied." 
D)  Theodora: "Ecological validity means that you take two dependent variables, determine whether they are correlated with each other, and then see whether they are correlated with the independent variable." 
A)  Emily: "Ecological validity means that you are testing hypotheses that assess people's concern about the environment." 
B)  Patrick: "Ecological validity refers to research in which you assess two different dependent variables." 
C)  Tessa: "Ecological validity means that there is a high similarity between the situation where the study is being conducted, and the situation in "real life" where the results will be applied." 
D)  Theodora: "Ecological validity means that you take two dependent variables, determine whether they are correlated with each other, and then see whether they are correlated with the independent variable."

Question 16

Amelia speaks French and English fluently. Connor speaks only English. According to research,

Accepted Answer

A)  Amelia and Connor should experience the tip-of-the-tongue effect equally frequently. 
B)  Connor should experience the tip-of-the-tongue effect more frequently than Amelia. 
C)  Amelia should experience the tip-of-the-tongue effect more frequently than Connor. 
D)  Amelia should never experience the tip-of-the-tongue effect. 
A)  Amelia and Connor should experience the tip-of-the-tongue effect equally frequently. 
B)  Connor should experience the tip-of-the-tongue effect more frequently than Amelia. 
C)  Amelia should experience the tip-of-the-tongue effect more frequently than Connor. 
D)  Amelia should never experience the tip-of-the-tongue effect.

Question 17

Suppose that you have just learned that you will have a quiz in about 30 minutes on a set of fairly difficult short essays that you haven't even glanced at. If you are like the students described in the discussion of regulating study strategies, you would

Accepted Answer

A)  select the most difficult essays to read first. 
B)  select the easiest essays to read first. 
C)  select easier essays to read first if you are an expert, but select more difficult essays to read first if you are a novice. 
D)  show no systematic pattern in reading the essays. 
A)  select the most difficult essays to read first. 
B)  select the easiest essays to read first. 
C)  select easier essays to read first if you are an expert, but select more difficult essays to read first if you are a novice. 
D)  show no systematic pattern in reading the essays.

Question 18

Which of the following statements is correct about the current research on the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon?

Accepted Answer

A)  Monolingual adults and bilingual adults are equally likely to report this phenomenon. 
B)  People are fairly accurate in guessing the number of syllables in the target word, but they are less accurate in guessing the target word's first letter. 
C)  The phenomenon seems to be limited to the English language. 
D)  Research in languages that have grammatical gender shows that people can typically identify the gender of the target word. 
A)  Monolingual adults and bilingual adults are equally likely to report this phenomenon. 
B)  People are fairly accurate in guessing the number of syllables in the target word, but they are less accurate in guessing the target word's first letter. 
C)  The phenomenon seems to be limited to the English language. 
D)  Research in languages that have grammatical gender shows that people can typically identify the gender of the target word.

Question 19

Absentminded behavior is most likely to occur

Accepted Answer

A)  when you are performing a very important behavior. 
B)  when you are performing a source-monitoring task. 
C)  when you are performing a routine activity, but you are thinking about the separate steps involved in the action. 
D)  when a prospective-memory task requires you to interrupt a routine activity. 
A)  when you are performing a very important behavior. 
B)  when you are performing a source-monitoring task. 
C)  when you are performing a routine activity, but you are thinking about the separate steps involved in the action. 
D)  when a prospective-memory task requires you to interrupt a routine activity.

Question 20

Which of the following students provides the best definition of the term mnemonics?

Accepted Answer

A)  Alfredo: "Mnemonics is the use of imagery to assist our memory." 
B)  Julia: "Mnemonics is the use of external memory aids to improve our memory." 
C)  Cynthia: "Mnemonics refers to using a strategy to improve our memory." 
D)  Jaime: "Mnemonics is any memory trick that actually improves our prospective memory." 
A)  Alfredo: "Mnemonics is the use of imagery to assist our memory." 
B)  Julia: "Mnemonics is the use of external memory aids to improve our memory." 
C)  Cynthia: "Mnemonics refers to using a strategy to improve our memory." 
D)  Jaime: "Mnemonics is any memory trick that actually improves our prospective memory."

According to the discussion of the narrative technique,

What can we conclude about the use of imagery to improve memory?

According to the principle of memory called the total-time hypothesis,

Which of the following students provides the best comparison between the term "metacognition" and the term "self-knowledge"?

The tip-of-the-tongue experience is related to metacognition because

Which of the following definitions for the term "foresight bias" is most accurate?

Suppose that people are working on an ongoing task. They are most likely to forget to complete a prospective-memory task if

Mandi is studying for her biopsychology exam by creating a diagram for the parts of the human nervous system. Her diagram shows two basic divisions, the peripheral nervous system and the central nervous system; each of these systems is further divided and then subdivided. Mandi is using

Suppose that you meet a student named Jane Frostig, and you try to recall her last name by imagining that she has chocolate frosting spread across her forehead. Which mnemonic method would this represent?

What can we conclude about college students' accuracy on measures of metacomprehension?

Part of Chapter 6 examined students' study strategies for easy and difficult material. Which of the following students provides the most accurate perspective on that research?

According to the research on students' distribution of their study time, they tend to

Which of the following students provides the best definition of the term "ecological validity"?

Amelia speaks French and English fluently. Connor speaks only English. According to research,

Suppose that you have just learned that you will have a quiz in about 30 minutes on a set of fairly difficult short essays that you haven't even glanced at. If you are like the students described in the discussion of regulating study strategies, you would

Which of the following statements is correct about the current research on the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon?

Absentminded behavior is most likely to occur

Which of the following students provides the best definition of the term mnemonics?

An Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Visual and Auditory Recognition

Attention and Consciousness

Working Memory

Long-Term Memory

Mental Imagery and Cognitive Maps

General Knowledge

Language I: Introduction to Language and Language Comprehension

Language II: Language Production and Bilingualism

Problem Solving and Creativity

Deductive Reasoning and Decision Making

Cognitive Development Throughout the Lifespan

Filters

Exam 6: Memory Strategies and Metacognition

According to the discussion of the narrative technique,

What can we conclude about the use of imagery to improve memory?

According to the principle of memory called the total-time hypothesis,

Which of the following students provides the best comparison between the term "metacognition" and the term "self-knowledge"?

The tip-of-the-tongue experience is related to metacognition because

Which of the following definitions for the term "foresight bias" is most accurate?

Suppose that people are working on an ongoing task. They are most likely to forget to complete a prospective-memory task if

Mandi is studying for her biopsychology exam by creating a diagram for the parts of the human nervous system. Her diagram shows two basic divisions, the peripheral nervous system and the central nervous system; each of these systems is further divided and then subdivided. Mandi is using

Suppose that you meet a student named Jane Frostig, and you try to recall her last name by imagining that she has chocolate frosting spread across her forehead. Which mnemonic method would this represent?

What can we conclude about college students' accuracy on measures of metacomprehension?

Part of Chapter 6 examined students' study strategies for easy and difficult material. Which of the following students provides the most accurate perspective on that research?

According to the research on students' distribution of their study time, they tend to

Which of the following students provides the best definition of the term "ecological validity"?

Amelia speaks French and English fluently. Connor speaks only English. According to research,

Suppose that you have just learned that you will have a quiz in about 30 minutes on a set of fairly difficult short essays that you haven't even glanced at. If you are like the students described in the discussion of regulating study strategies, you would

Which of the following statements is correct about the current research on the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon?

Absentminded behavior is most likely to occur

Which of the following students provides the best definition of the term mnemonics?

An Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Visual and Auditory Recognition

Attention and Consciousness

Working Memory

Long-Term Memory

Mental Imagery and Cognitive Maps

General Knowledge

Language I: Introduction to Language and Language Comprehension

Language II: Language Production and Bilingualism

Problem Solving and Creativity

Deductive Reasoning and Decision Making

Cognitive Development Throughout the Lifespan

Filters