Question 1

According to the chapter called "General Knowledge," an important point is that this knowledge

Accepted Answer

A)  allows us to make inferences based on logical interpretations. 
B)  is almost always implicit, rather than explicit. 
C)  is usually available only to people with expertise in the specified area. 
D)  is primarily constructed by combining information in our working memory. 
A)  allows us to make inferences based on logical interpretations. 
B)  is almost always implicit, rather than explicit. 
C)  is usually available only to people with expertise in the specified area. 
D)  is primarily constructed by combining information in our working memory. A

Question 2

According to the discussion in Chapter 8, John Anderson's ACT-R theory

Accepted Answer

A)  focuses on discovering how experts and novices categorize new objects. 
B)  explains how working memory processes semantic information; however, ACT-R theory is not currently concerned with the way this information is stored in long-term memory. 
C)  proposes that each concept in semantic memory can be described in terms of a list of characteristics that its members must possess. 
D)  attempts to explain processes such as language, reasoning and decision making-in addition to semantic memory. 
A)  focuses on discovering how experts and novices categorize new objects. 
B)  explains how working memory processes semantic information; however, ACT-R theory is not currently concerned with the way this information is stored in long-term memory. 
C)  proposes that each concept in semantic memory can be described in terms of a list of characteristics that its members must possess. 
D)  attempts to explain processes such as language, reasoning and decision making-in addition to semantic memory. D

Question 3

Which of the following students provides the best description for how John Anderson's model of semantic memory accounts for our long-term learning?

Accepted Answer

A)  Xianming: "By practicing, we can strengthen the links between two concepts." 
B)  Joan: "Working memory has a capacity that is potentially unlimited; learning basically increases the capacity of working memory." 
C)  Tashica: "If many links are activated at the same time, each of these links is greatly strengthened-even more than if only one link is activated." 
D)  Dan: "Through learning, our exemplars become increasingly strengthened." 
A)  Xianming: "By practicing, we can strengthen the links between two concepts." 
B)  Joan: "Working memory has a capacity that is potentially unlimited; learning basically increases the capacity of working memory." 
C)  Tashica: "If many links are activated at the same time, each of these links is greatly strengthened-even more than if only one link is activated." 
D)  Dan: "Through learning, our exemplars become increasingly strengthened." A

Question 4

Which of the following students provides the most accurate comparison between the prototype approach and the exemplar approach?

Accepted Answer

A)  Tariq: "The prototype approach works well for concepts that are nouns, whereas the exemplar approach works well for concepts that are verbs, especially verbs that show action." 
B)  Clifford: "The prototype approach says that concepts are associated with one best example of a category; the exemplar approach says that concepts are associated with many specific examples of a category." 
C)  Ekaterina: "At first, researchers emphasized that these two approaches would be very different from each other; now researchers say that they are identical, when focusing on everyday objects and organisms." 
D)  Lynne: "The prototype approach emphasizes items that exist in real life; the exemplar approach emphasizes geometric figures that don't exist in real life. 
A)  Tariq: "The prototype approach works well for concepts that are nouns, whereas the exemplar approach works well for concepts that are verbs, especially verbs that show action." 
B)  Clifford: "The prototype approach says that concepts are associated with one best example of a category; the exemplar approach says that concepts are associated with many specific examples of a category." 
C)  Ekaterina: "At first, researchers emphasized that these two approaches would be very different from each other; now researchers say that they are identical, when focusing on everyday objects and organisms." 
D)  Lynne: "The prototype approach emphasizes items that exist in real life; the exemplar approach emphasizes geometric figures that don't exist in real life.

Question 5

According to Anderson and colleagues, the smallest unit of knowledge that people can judge to be either true or false is called a

Accepted Answer

A)  schema. 
B)  proposition. 
C)  prototype. 
D)  exemplar. 
A)  schema. 
B)  proposition. 
C)  prototype. 
D)  exemplar.

Question 6

According to the research about the constructive model of memory,

Accepted Answer

A)  detailed information enters into our memory in a passive fashion. 
B)  we frequently integrate information from several different sources. 
C)  we typically pay attention to the exact wording of a verbal message. 
D)  we typically over-emphasize family resemblance when deciding which information should be maintained. 
A)  detailed information enters into our memory in a passive fashion. 
B)  we frequently integrate information from several different sources. 
C)  we typically pay attention to the exact wording of a verbal message. 
D)  we typically over-emphasize family resemblance when deciding which information should be maintained.

Question 7

What can we conclude about the role of schemas in memory?

Accepted Answer

A)  In general, schemas seldom operate in memory during adulthood. 
B)  Schemas often operate; however, we sometimes remember material that is not consistent with a schema. 
C)  When people have normally functioning memory processes, schemas consistently operate in memory. 
D)  Schemas operate consistently in our everyday experiences, though we find little evidence for them in the laboratory. 
A)  In general, schemas seldom operate in memory during adulthood. 
B)  Schemas often operate; however, we sometimes remember material that is not consistent with a schema. 
C)  When people have normally functioning memory processes, schemas consistently operate in memory. 
D)  Schemas operate consistently in our everyday experiences, though we find little evidence for them in the laboratory.

Question 8

Which of the following descriptions serves as the best metaphor for the parallel distributed processing approach?

Accepted Answer

A)  A drawer with three compartments 
B)  A computer that uses a serial approach. 
C)  A net with many interconnections 
D)  A safe that can be opened by only one combination code 
A)  A drawer with three compartments 
B)  A computer that uses a serial approach. 
C)  A net with many interconnections 
D)  A safe that can be opened by only one combination code

Question 9

Suppose that researchers want to determine whether young college students have stereotypes about elderly people. An implicit measure of stereotyping would be better than an explicit measure because

Accepted Answer

A)  an implicit measure would be less influenced by people's tendency to supply a socially appropriate answer. 
B)  the norms are more accurate if they are based on implicit measures. 
C)  people's schemas would have greater influence on implicit measures. 
D)  the pragmatic view of memory would interfere with an explicit measure. 
A)  an implicit measure would be less influenced by people's tendency to supply a socially appropriate answer. 
B)  the norms are more accurate if they are based on implicit measures. 
C)  people's schemas would have greater influence on implicit measures. 
D)  the pragmatic view of memory would interfere with an explicit measure.

Question 10

The exemplar approach to semantic memory proposes that

Accepted Answer

A)  exemplars are stored at the basic level; nonexemplars are stored at the subordinate level. 
B)  an exemplar is an idealized example of a category, derived by taking an average of the members of that category. 
C)  experts make better use of exemplars, whereas novices make better use of prototypes. 
D)  we store a number of examples for each concept; to classify a new stimulus, we compare it with this set of examples. 
A)  exemplars are stored at the basic level; nonexemplars are stored at the subordinate level. 
B)  an exemplar is an idealized example of a category, derived by taking an average of the members of that category. 
C)  experts make better use of exemplars, whereas novices make better use of prototypes. 
D)  we store a number of examples for each concept; to classify a new stimulus, we compare it with this set of examples.

Question 11

The prototype approach to semantic memory works especially well in which of the following conditions?

Accepted Answer

A)  When applied to a group of items that have no single characteristic in common 
B)  When explaining how we store details about each individual example of a category 
C)  When accounting for why experts and nonexperts differ with respect to their use of subordinate-level categories 
D)  When pointing out why people believe that some categories have clear-cut boundaries, rather than fuzzy boundaries 
A)  When applied to a group of items that have no single characteristic in common 
B)  When explaining how we store details about each individual example of a category 
C)  When accounting for why experts and nonexperts differ with respect to their use of subordinate-level categories 
D)  When pointing out why people believe that some categories have clear-cut boundaries, rather than fuzzy boundaries

Question 12

Which concept can help to explain stereotyping?

Accepted Answer

A)  Exemplars 
B)  Priming 
C)  Spontaneous generalization 
D)  Connection weights 
A)  Exemplars 
B)  Priming 
C)  Spontaneous generalization 
D)  Connection weights

Question 13

Which of the following statements about the parallel distributed processing approach is correct?

Accepted Answer

A)  When one unit is stimulated, all the units that are connected with it are simultaneously inhibited. 
B)  When one unit is stimulated, all the other units are automatically given a default assignment. 
C)  When one unit reaches an appropriate activation level, it can either inhibit or excite other units to which it is connected. 
D)  At any given time, numerous serial operations are proceeding at the same time through several portions of the cortex. 
A)  When one unit is stimulated, all the units that are connected with it are simultaneously inhibited. 
B)  When one unit is stimulated, all the other units are automatically given a default assignment. 
C)  When one unit reaches an appropriate activation level, it can either inhibit or excite other units to which it is connected. 
D)  At any given time, numerous serial operations are proceeding at the same time through several portions of the cortex.

Question 14

"Marie received seven presents at her birthday party. The stuffed elephant was her favorite gift." If you believe that one of the seven presents that Marie received was, in fact, a stuffed elephant, you have made

Accepted Answer

A)  an attribution error. 
B)  an inference. 
C)  an episodic mistake. 
D)  a script. 
A)  an attribution error. 
B)  an inference. 
C)  an episodic mistake. 
D)  a script.

Question 15

According to research on memory for interrelated sentences,

Accepted Answer

A)  people recall hearing many sentences that were never actually presented. 
B)  people's verbatim memory is generally close to perfect. 
C)  people often believe that they have heard a sentence before, even if the meaning of that sentence is very different from the original. 
D)  several minutes after the material has been presented, people usually cannot remember the general meaning of that material. 
A)  people recall hearing many sentences that were never actually presented. 
B)  people's verbatim memory is generally close to perfect. 
C)  people often believe that they have heard a sentence before, even if the meaning of that sentence is very different from the original. 
D)  several minutes after the material has been presented, people usually cannot remember the general meaning of that material.

Question 16

In the parallel distributed processing approach, learning basically involves

Accepted Answer

A)  graceful degradation. 
B)  spontaneous inhibition of default assignments. 
C)  spontaneous generalization to new nodes in the network. 
D)  the strengthening of connections among relevant nodes. 
A)  graceful degradation. 
B)  spontaneous inhibition of default assignments. 
C)  spontaneous generalization to new nodes in the network. 
D)  the strengthening of connections among relevant nodes.

Question 17

Suppose that a friend missed class and asks you to tell him, word for word, about the professor's description of the next assignment. Your description captures the basic message, even though none of your sentences are precisely what your professor said. This phenomenon is a good example of

Accepted Answer

A)  abstraction. 
B)  boundary extension. 
C)  change blindness. 
D)  a script. 
A)  abstraction. 
B)  boundary extension. 
C)  change blindness. 
D)  a script.

Question 18

Imagine that you are taking an art history course. You're thinking about a painting that you liked, especially because the artist captured a woman's facial expression very skillfully. You remember that you saw this woman's entire face, but then you check the painting. Actually, part of her face is hidden from view. What concept in the description of schemas is most similar to this incident?

Accepted Answer

A)  The pragmatic approach 
B)  A script 
C)  An implicit-memory task 
D)  Boundary extension 
A)  The pragmatic approach 
B)  A script 
C)  An implicit-memory task 
D)  Boundary extension

Question 19

When we compare network models with the prototype approach, we find that network models

Accepted Answer

A)  place more emphasis on a graded structure. 
B)  are better in describing how prototypical items are processed. 
C)  make better use of the sentence verification technique. 
D)  are more likely to emphasize how different members of a category are related to one another. 
A)  place more emphasis on a graded structure. 
B)  are better in describing how prototypical items are processed. 
C)  make better use of the sentence verification technique. 
D)  are more likely to emphasize how different members of a category are related to one another.

Question 20

Which of the following students has the most accurate information about the research on levels of categorization?

Accepted Answer

A)  Stacy: "We use family-resemblance names in order to identify objects." 
B)  Midori: "Members of superordinate-level concepts are especially likely to produce the priming effect." 
C)  Scott: "Brain imaging research shows that the prefrontal cortex is activated when people judge superordinate terms; it is less active with basic-level terms." 
D)  Rasa: "Experts and novices both use basic-level terms more than subordinate-level terms." 
A)  Stacy: "We use family-resemblance names in order to identify objects." 
B)  Midori: "Members of superordinate-level concepts are especially likely to produce the priming effect." 
C)  Scott: "Brain imaging research shows that the prefrontal cortex is activated when people judge superordinate terms; it is less active with basic-level terms." 
D)  Rasa: "Experts and novices both use basic-level terms more than subordinate-level terms."

According to the chapter called "General Knowledge," an important point is that this knowledge

According to the discussion in Chapter 8, John Anderson's ACT-R theory

Which of the following students provides the best description for how John Anderson's model of semantic memory accounts for our long-term learning?

Which of the following students provides the most accurate comparison between the prototype approach and the exemplar approach?

According to Anderson and colleagues, the smallest unit of knowledge that people can judge to be either true or false is called a

According to the research about the constructive model of memory,

What can we conclude about the role of schemas in memory?

Which of the following descriptions serves as the best metaphor for the parallel distributed processing approach?

Suppose that researchers want to determine whether young college students have stereotypes about elderly people. An implicit measure of stereotyping would be better than an explicit measure because

The exemplar approach to semantic memory proposes that

The prototype approach to semantic memory works especially well in which of the following conditions?

Which concept can help to explain stereotyping?

Which of the following statements about the parallel distributed processing approach is correct?

"Marie received seven presents at her birthday party. The stuffed elephant was her favorite gift." If you believe that one of the seven presents that Marie received was, in fact, a stuffed elephant, you have made

According to research on memory for interrelated sentences,

In the parallel distributed processing approach, learning basically involves

Suppose that a friend missed class and asks you to tell him, word for word, about the professor's description of the next assignment. Your description captures the basic message, even though none of your sentences are precisely what your professor said. This phenomenon is a good example of

When we compare network models with the prototype approach, we find that network models

Which of the following students has the most accurate information about the research on levels of categorization?

An Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Visual and Auditory Recognition

Attention and Consciousness

Working Memory

Long-Term Memory

Memory Strategies and Metacognition

Mental Imagery and Cognitive Maps

Language I: Introduction to Language and Language Comprehension

Language II: Language Production and Bilingualism

Problem Solving and Creativity

Deductive Reasoning and Decision Making

Cognitive Development Throughout the Lifespan

Filters

Exam 8: General Knowledge

According to the chapter called "General Knowledge," an important point is that this knowledge

According to the discussion in Chapter 8, John Anderson's ACT-R theory

Which of the following students provides the best description for how John Anderson's model of semantic memory accounts for our long-term learning?

Which of the following students provides the most accurate comparison between the prototype approach and the exemplar approach?

According to Anderson and colleagues, the smallest unit of knowledge that people can judge to be either true or false is called a

According to the research about the constructive model of memory,

What can we conclude about the role of schemas in memory?

Which of the following descriptions serves as the best metaphor for the parallel distributed processing approach?

Suppose that researchers want to determine whether young college students have stereotypes about elderly people. An implicit measure of stereotyping would be better than an explicit measure because

The exemplar approach to semantic memory proposes that

The prototype approach to semantic memory works especially well in which of the following conditions?

Which concept can help to explain stereotyping?

Which of the following statements about the parallel distributed processing approach is correct?

"Marie received seven presents at her birthday party. The stuffed elephant was her favorite gift." If you believe that one of the seven presents that Marie received was, in fact, a stuffed elephant, you have made

According to research on memory for interrelated sentences,

In the parallel distributed processing approach, learning basically involves

Suppose that a friend missed class and asks you to tell him, word for word, about the professor's description of the next assignment. Your description captures the basic message, even though none of your sentences are precisely what your professor said. This phenomenon is a good example of

When we compare network models with the prototype approach, we find that network models

Which of the following students has the most accurate information about the research on levels of categorization?

An Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Visual and Auditory Recognition

Attention and Consciousness

Working Memory

Long-Term Memory

Memory Strategies and Metacognition

Mental Imagery and Cognitive Maps

Language I: Introduction to Language and Language Comprehension

Language II: Language Production and Bilingualism

Problem Solving and Creativity

Deductive Reasoning and Decision Making

Cognitive Development Throughout the Lifespan

Filters