Question 1

Which of the following students provides the best overview of the current status of the Atkinson-Shiffrin model?

Accepted Answer

A)  Flora: "It lost popularity after Miller's article on the 'magical number seven' failed to support the concept of short-term memory." 
B)  Nicola: "This model continues to be important because recent research clearly supports the distinction between short-term memory and long-term memory." 
C)  Bruce: "The research has not clearly demonstrated that short-term memory is different from long-term memory." 
D)  Miguel: "The model now plays a major role in the parallel distributed processing (PDP) approach." 
A)  Flora: "It lost popularity after Miller's article on the 'magical number seven' failed to support the concept of short-term memory." 
B)  Nicola: "This model continues to be important because recent research clearly supports the distinction between short-term memory and long-term memory." 
C)  Bruce: "The research has not clearly demonstrated that short-term memory is different from long-term memory." 
D)  Miguel: "The model now plays a major role in the parallel distributed processing (PDP) approach." C

Question 2

According to Atkinson and Shiffrin's classic theory,

Accepted Answer

A)  short-term memory and long-term memory are distinctly different processes. 
B)  items stored in short-term memory are fairly permanent. 
C)  rehearsal is necessary in order to move material from sensory memory to short-term memory. 
D)  there are no strict limits in the capacity of short-term memory. 
A)  short-term memory and long-term memory are distinctly different processes. 
B)  items stored in short-term memory are fairly permanent. 
C)  rehearsal is necessary in order to move material from sensory memory to short-term memory. 
D)  there are no strict limits in the capacity of short-term memory. A

Question 3

How would you characterize Alan Baddeley's description of working memory?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is a large storehouse of information, much like a huge university library. 
B)  It is a solid, stable, industrious machine that systematically processes information. 
C)  It is a highly active area in which information is being manipulated and changed. 
D)  It is a movie screen, continuously registering a stream of complex, colorful images. 
A)  It is a large storehouse of information, much like a huge university library. 
B)  It is a solid, stable, industrious machine that systematically processes information. 
C)  It is a highly active area in which information is being manipulated and changed. 
D)  It is a movie screen, continuously registering a stream of complex, colorful images. C

Question 4

Suppose that you are listening to an announcer read the names of the winners in an athletic event. You recall the last four names accurately, but you can't recall the names that appeared earlier in the list. This phenomenon is called as

Accepted Answer

A)  the primacy effect. 
B)  proactive interference. 
C)  chunking. 
D)  the recency effect. 
A)  the primacy effect. 
B)  proactive interference. 
C)  chunking. 
D)  the recency effect.

Question 5

You have set aside 2 hours to study for an exam in this course, and you are currently deciding to review the new terms, writing down any terms that you cannot define. Which feature of Baddeley's theory handles this planning activity?

Accepted Answer

A)  The phonological loop 
B)  The visuospatial sketchpad 
C)  The episodic buffer 
D)  The central executive 
A)  The phonological loop 
B)  The visuospatial sketchpad 
C)  The episodic buffer 
D)  The central executive

Question 6

Suppose that you are trying to perfect your accent in Spanish. Your teacher just pronounced the word "ferrocarril," and you are trying to keep the "rolling r" sound in your memory long enough to pronounce it yourself. In Baddeley's model, you are most likely to use your

Accepted Answer

A)  visuospatial sketchpad. 
B)  long-term memory. 
C)  central executive. 
D)  phonological loop. 
A)  visuospatial sketchpad. 
B)  long-term memory. 
C)  central executive. 
D)  phonological loop.

Question 7

Baddeley's model of working memory had a different focus from the earlier approaches to short-term memory because

Accepted Answer

A)  he emphasized that working memory is useful in holding related items in our memory simultaneously. 
B)  he devised a precise operational definition for every component of working memory. 
C)  he examined a much more limited set of processes, compared to earlier models. 
D)  he focused much more on the visual characteristics of stimuli than on the auditory characteristics of the stimuli. 
A)  he emphasized that working memory is useful in holding related items in our memory simultaneously. 
B)  he devised a precise operational definition for every component of working memory. 
C)  he examined a much more limited set of processes, compared to earlier models. 
D)  he focused much more on the visual characteristics of stimuli than on the auditory characteristics of the stimuli.

Question 8

Which of the following students provides the best information about short-term memory in the Atkinson-Shiffrin model?

Accepted Answer

A)  Albena: "Items in your short-term memory are often lost within 30 seconds." 
B)  Martin: "The information in short-term memory is automatically transferred to long-term memory." 
C)  Candace: "Short-term memory serves as a large storage area for all sensory memories." 
D)  Peter: "Short-term memory emphasizes only the visual characteristics of the stimulus." 
A)  Albena: "Items in your short-term memory are often lost within 30 seconds." 
B)  Martin: "The information in short-term memory is automatically transferred to long-term memory." 
C)  Candace: "Short-term memory serves as a large storage area for all sensory memories." 
D)  Peter: "Short-term memory emphasizes only the visual characteristics of the stimulus."

Question 9

The discussion of working memory examines research on "acoustic confusions." How are acoustic confusions relevant to working memory?

Accepted Answer

A)  When material is processed in the phonological loop, similar-sounding items can be confused with one another. 
B)  When material is processed in the visuospatial sketchpad, similar-sounding items can be confused with one another. 
C)  The central executive has several component processes, including the task of resolving acoustic confusions. 
D)  This research suggests that the phonological loop plays a relatively minor role in working memory. 
A)  When material is processed in the phonological loop, similar-sounding items can be confused with one another. 
B)  When material is processed in the visuospatial sketchpad, similar-sounding items can be confused with one another. 
C)  The central executive has several component processes, including the task of resolving acoustic confusions. 
D)  This research suggests that the phonological loop plays a relatively minor role in working memory.

Question 10

Neuroscientists who have examined the visuospatial sketchpad have discovered that

Accepted Answer

A)  visual tasks typically activate the right hemisphere, whereas spatial tasks typically activate the left hemisphere. 
B)  visual and spatial tasks typically activate the right hemisphere of the brain. 
C)  visual and spatial tasks are apparently converted into a verbal code, because they primarily activate the left hemisphere of the brain. 
D)  there is no clear correspondence between visuospatial tasks and the patterns of brain activation. 
A)  visual tasks typically activate the right hemisphere, whereas spatial tasks typically activate the left hemisphere. 
B)  visual and spatial tasks typically activate the right hemisphere of the brain. 
C)  visual and spatial tasks are apparently converted into a verbal code, because they primarily activate the left hemisphere of the brain. 
D)  there is no clear correspondence between visuospatial tasks and the patterns of brain activation.

Question 11

Suppose that you are trying to improve your pronunciation of French by listening to French popular songs. You try to imitate the French pronunciation at the same time that you translate the words into English. According to Baddeley's model,

Accepted Answer

A)  you can manage both tasks simultaneously without a decrease in accuracy. 
B)  you'll probably have a difficult time on these tasks, because both tasks involve the phonological loop. 
C)  you'll probably have a difficult time, because the pronunciation involves the visuospatial sketchpad, and the translation involves the phonological loop. 
D)  you will have an easy time if you ignore the central executive, but a difficult time if you use the central executive. 
A)  you can manage both tasks simultaneously without a decrease in accuracy. 
B)  you'll probably have a difficult time on these tasks, because both tasks involve the phonological loop. 
C)  you'll probably have a difficult time, because the pronunciation involves the visuospatial sketchpad, and the translation involves the phonological loop. 
D)  you will have an easy time if you ignore the central executive, but a difficult time if you use the central executive.

Question 12

Imagine that you are trying to remember a reservation code that someone told you a minute ago. The number was 5834DM, but you remember it as 5834BN. This kind of error is called

Accepted Answer

A)  subvocalization. 
B)  an episodic buffer. 
C)  an acoustic confusion. 
D)  release from proactive interference. 
A)  subvocalization. 
B)  an episodic buffer. 
C)  an acoustic confusion. 
D)  release from proactive interference.

Question 13

Suppose that a professor asks the students in her class to say their names out loud (one at a time) on the first day of class. Then she asks them to write down as many of their classmates' names as they can recall. Then she constructs a graph that shows "Number of correct responses" on the Y-axis and "Serial position of the name" on the X-axis. The shape of the graph

Accepted Answer

A)  will be a straight line, with the greatest accuracy on the first items. 
B)  will be a straight line, with the greatest accuracy on the last items. 
C)  will be an upside-down U-shaped line, with the greatest accuracy on the middle items. 
D)  will be a U-shaped line, with the greatest accuracy on the first and last items. 
A)  will be a straight line, with the greatest accuracy on the first items. 
B)  will be a straight line, with the greatest accuracy on the last items. 
C)  will be an upside-down U-shaped line, with the greatest accuracy on the middle items. 
D)  will be a U-shaped line, with the greatest accuracy on the first and last items.

Question 14

Chapter 4 discussed a classic study by Wickens and his colleagues (1976) in which each of five groups of participants learned a series of words belonging to one category (e.g., "occupations" or "meats"). On the final trial, they all switched to words belonging to a new category ("fruits"). What did the results of this study show about the recall for this final set of words?

Accepted Answer

A)  Contrary to expectations, semantic similarity had no influence on recall. 
B)  Contrary to expectations, participants explained that they stored these final words in terms of visual images. 
C)  Participants in all five groups showed no release from proactive interference. 
D)  Recall on the final set of words was most accurate when the previous items had belonged to a different semantic category. 
A)  Contrary to expectations, semantic similarity had no influence on recall. 
B)  Contrary to expectations, participants explained that they stored these final words in terms of visual images. 
C)  Participants in all five groups showed no release from proactive interference. 
D)  Recall on the final set of words was most accurate when the previous items had belonged to a different semantic category.

Question 15

People with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder often have problems because they are impulsive and inattentive. The component of working memory that is most likely to be relevant in these problems is

Accepted Answer

A)  the episodic buffer. 
B)  the central executive. 
C)  the visuospatial sketchpad. 
D)  the phonological loop. 
A)  the episodic buffer. 
B)  the central executive. 
C)  the visuospatial sketchpad. 
D)  the phonological loop.

Question 16

According to the chapter on working memory, what was nontraditional about George Miller's article on the "magical number seven"?

Accepted Answer

A)  Research in a wide variety of cross-cultural settings continues to confirm that working memory is limited to seven items. 
B)  Researchers had previously thought that the capacity of visual memory had no strict limits. 
C)  Miller's research helped to persuade psychologists that the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory was inadequate. 
D)  Miller's article emphasized active mental processes, rather than simply focusing on the stimulus and the response. 
A)  Research in a wide variety of cross-cultural settings continues to confirm that working memory is limited to seven items. 
B)  Researchers had previously thought that the capacity of visual memory had no strict limits. 
C)  Miller's research helped to persuade psychologists that the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory was inadequate. 
D)  Miller's article emphasized active mental processes, rather than simply focusing on the stimulus and the response.

Question 17

Compared to the earlier view of short-term memory, the current view of working memory

Accepted Answer

A)  argues that memory is much more fragile. 
B)  proposes that working memory is simply an early stage of long-term memory. 
C)  states that information is continuously being manipulated and changed. 
D)  suggests that the Atkinson-Shiffrin model should be supplemented by at least five additional kinds of brief memory. 
A)  argues that memory is much more fragile. 
B)  proposes that working memory is simply an early stage of long-term memory. 
C)  states that information is continuously being manipulated and changed. 
D)  suggests that the Atkinson-Shiffrin model should be supplemented by at least five additional kinds of brief memory.

Question 18

What evidence suggested to Baddeley that working memory has several components?

Accepted Answer

A)  The research on release from proactive interference 
B)  Complex computer simulations 
C)  Modeling using the parallel distributed processing approach 
D)  Research showing that people can rehearse words and make spatial judgments at the same time 
A)  The research on release from proactive interference 
B)  Complex computer simulations 
C)  Modeling using the parallel distributed processing approach 
D)  Research showing that people can rehearse words and make spatial judgments at the same time

Question 19

Baddeley's current model of working memory includes a feature called the episodic buffer. According to Baddeley's description, the episodic buffer

Accepted Answer

A)  contains material that has not yet reached our conscious awareness. 
B)  has a smaller capacity than any of the other components of working memory. 
C)  briefly holds material from the phonological loop, the visuospatial sketchpad, and long-term memory. 
D)  stores our very earliest memories from early childhood, which have an important effect on other components of working memory. 
A)  contains material that has not yet reached our conscious awareness. 
B)  has a smaller capacity than any of the other components of working memory. 
C)  briefly holds material from the phonological loop, the visuospatial sketchpad, and long-term memory. 
D)  stores our very earliest memories from early childhood, which have an important effect on other components of working memory.

Question 20

According to Baddeley and his colleagues,

Accepted Answer

A)  short-term memory is a more useful concept than working memory because it emphasizes the short duration of this stage in a memory model. 
B)  working memory is much more rigid and inflexible than previous theorists had suggested. 
C)  the purpose of working memory is to hold information briefly, and then process and use this information. 
D)  working memory is the verbal, activated component of long-term memory. 
A)  short-term memory is a more useful concept than working memory because it emphasizes the short duration of this stage in a memory model. 
B)  working memory is much more rigid and inflexible than previous theorists had suggested. 
C)  the purpose of working memory is to hold information briefly, and then process and use this information. 
D)  working memory is the verbal, activated component of long-term memory.

Which of the following students provides the best overview of the current status of the Atkinson-Shiffrin model?

According to Atkinson and Shiffrin's classic theory,

How would you characterize Alan Baddeley's description of working memory?

Suppose that you are listening to an announcer read the names of the winners in an athletic event. You recall the last four names accurately, but you can't recall the names that appeared earlier in the list. This phenomenon is called as

You have set aside 2 hours to study for an exam in this course, and you are currently deciding to review the new terms, writing down any terms that you cannot define. Which feature of Baddeley's theory handles this planning activity?

Suppose that you are trying to perfect your accent in Spanish. Your teacher just pronounced the word "ferrocarril," and you are trying to keep the "rolling r" sound in your memory long enough to pronounce it yourself. In Baddeley's model, you are most likely to use your

Baddeley's model of working memory had a different focus from the earlier approaches to short-term memory because

Which of the following students provides the best information about short-term memory in the Atkinson-Shiffrin model?

The discussion of working memory examines research on "acoustic confusions." How are acoustic confusions relevant to working memory?

Neuroscientists who have examined the visuospatial sketchpad have discovered that

Suppose that you are trying to improve your pronunciation of French by listening to French popular songs. You try to imitate the French pronunciation at the same time that you translate the words into English. According to Baddeley's model,

Imagine that you are trying to remember a reservation code that someone told you a minute ago. The number was 5834DM, but you remember it as 5834BN. This kind of error is called

People with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder often have problems because they are impulsive and inattentive. The component of working memory that is most likely to be relevant in these problems is

According to the chapter on working memory, what was nontraditional about George Miller's article on the "magical number seven"?

Compared to the earlier view of short-term memory, the current view of working memory

What evidence suggested to Baddeley that working memory has several components?

Baddeley's current model of working memory includes a feature called the episodic buffer. According to Baddeley's description, the episodic buffer

According to Baddeley and his colleagues,

An Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Visual and Auditory Recognition

Attention and Consciousness

Long-Term Memory

Memory Strategies and Metacognition

Mental Imagery and Cognitive Maps

General Knowledge

Language I: Introduction to Language and Language Comprehension

Language II: Language Production and Bilingualism

Problem Solving and Creativity

Deductive Reasoning and Decision Making

Cognitive Development Throughout the Lifespan

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Exam 4: Working Memory

Which of the following students provides the best overview of the current status of the Atkinson-Shiffrin model?

According to Atkinson and Shiffrin's classic theory,

How would you characterize Alan Baddeley's description of working memory?

Suppose that you are listening to an announcer read the names of the winners in an athletic event. You recall the last four names accurately, but you can't recall the names that appeared earlier in the list. This phenomenon is called as

You have set aside 2 hours to study for an exam in this course, and you are currently deciding to review the new terms, writing down any terms that you cannot define. Which feature of Baddeley's theory handles this planning activity?

Suppose that you are trying to perfect your accent in Spanish. Your teacher just pronounced the word "ferrocarril," and you are trying to keep the "rolling r" sound in your memory long enough to pronounce it yourself. In Baddeley's model, you are most likely to use your

Baddeley's model of working memory had a different focus from the earlier approaches to short-term memory because

Which of the following students provides the best information about short-term memory in the Atkinson-Shiffrin model?

The discussion of working memory examines research on "acoustic confusions." How are acoustic confusions relevant to working memory?

Neuroscientists who have examined the visuospatial sketchpad have discovered that

Suppose that you are trying to improve your pronunciation of French by listening to French popular songs. You try to imitate the French pronunciation at the same time that you translate the words into English. According to Baddeley's model,

Imagine that you are trying to remember a reservation code that someone told you a minute ago. The number was 5834DM, but you remember it as 5834BN. This kind of error is called

People with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder often have problems because they are impulsive and inattentive. The component of working memory that is most likely to be relevant in these problems is

According to the chapter on working memory, what was nontraditional about George Miller's article on the "magical number seven"?

Compared to the earlier view of short-term memory, the current view of working memory

What evidence suggested to Baddeley that working memory has several components?

Baddeley's current model of working memory includes a feature called the episodic buffer. According to Baddeley's description, the episodic buffer

According to Baddeley and his colleagues,

An Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Visual and Auditory Recognition

Attention and Consciousness

Long-Term Memory

Memory Strategies and Metacognition

Mental Imagery and Cognitive Maps

General Knowledge

Language I: Introduction to Language and Language Comprehension

Language II: Language Production and Bilingualism

Problem Solving and Creativity

Deductive Reasoning and Decision Making

Cognitive Development Throughout the Lifespan

Filters