Question 1

Which of the following is an excitatory neurotransmitter?

Accepted Answer

A)  β-alanine 
B)  cysteine 
C)  taurine 
D)  none of these 
A)  β-alanine 
B)  cysteine 
C)  taurine 
D)  none of these B

Question 2

Consider the given diagram of a neuron.   ​ Which number in the given diagram represents the sheath cell with nucleus?

Accepted Answer

A)  1 
B)  2 
C)  3 
D)  4 
E)  5 
A)  1 
B)  2 
C)  3 
D)  4 
E)  5 B

Question 3

Which of the following is the most universal yet versatile signaling agent?

Accepted Answer

A)  Ca2+ 
B)  Na+ 
C)  K+ 
D)  Cl− 
A)  Ca2+ 
B)  Na+ 
C)  K+ 
D)  Cl− A

Question 4

Consider a substance that carries a message from the surface receptor to the inside of a cell. To which of the following types of molecules does this substance belong?

Accepted Answer

A)  secondary messengers 
B)  ligands 
C)  chemical messengers 
D)  none of these 
A)  secondary messengers 
B)  ligands 
C)  chemical messengers 
D)  none of these

Question 5

Which of the following drugs is the first dedicated antidepressant that was initially used to treat tuberculosis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Prozac 
B)  Lexapro 
C)  Ketamine 
D)  Isoniazid 
E)  Xanax 
A)  Prozac 
B)  Lexapro 
C)  Ketamine 
D)  Isoniazid 
E)  Xanax

Question 6

What happens to the steroid-receptor complex inside the nucleus?

Accepted Answer

A)  It binds directly to the DNA. 
B)  It binds with a translation factor. 
C)  It gets dissociated into separate components. 
D)  It creates an ion channel into the nucleoplasm. 
A)  It binds directly to the DNA. 
B)  It binds with a translation factor. 
C)  It gets dissociated into separate components. 
D)  It creates an ion channel into the nucleoplasm.

Question 7

Which of the following is not a result of signal transduction?

Accepted Answer

A)  protein modifications 
B)  enzyme activation 
C)  opening of membrane channels 
D)  all of these 
A)  protein modifications 
B)  enzyme activation 
C)  opening of membrane channels 
D)  all of these

Question 8

How are glutamic acid molecules removed from its receptor site?

Accepted Answer

A)  by degrading the receptor site 
B)  by transporter molecules 
C)  by the process called uptake 
D)  by degrading glutamic acid 
A)  by degrading the receptor site 
B)  by transporter molecules 
C)  by the process called uptake 
D)  by degrading glutamic acid

Question 9

Which of the following is a difference between neurotransmitters and hormones?

Accepted Answer

A)  Neurotransmitters are a derivative of steroids, whereas hormones are a derivative of proteins. 
B)  Neurotransmitters have a complex chemical structure, whereas hormones have a simple chemical structure. 
C)  Neurotransmitters are produced by the body, whereas hormones are exclusively taken through diet. 
D)  Neurotransmitters act over a short distance, whereas hormones act over a long distance. 
E)  All of these are differences between neurotransmitters and hormones. 
A)  Neurotransmitters are a derivative of steroids, whereas hormones are a derivative of proteins. 
B)  Neurotransmitters have a complex chemical structure, whereas hormones have a simple chemical structure. 
C)  Neurotransmitters are produced by the body, whereas hormones are exclusively taken through diet. 
D)  Neurotransmitters act over a short distance, whereas hormones act over a long distance. 
E)  All of these are differences between neurotransmitters and hormones.

Question 10

Identify a function of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase.

Accepted Answer

A)  synthesis of acetylcholine 
B)  hydrolysis of acetylcholine 
C)  esterification of acetylcholine 
D)  polymerization of acetylcholine 
A)  synthesis of acetylcholine 
B)  hydrolysis of acetylcholine 
C)  esterification of acetylcholine 
D)  polymerization of acetylcholine

Question 11

Consider the given diagram of a neuron.   If the nerve impulse travels from the top to the bottom of the diagram, which of the following numbers in the given diagram represents the dendrites of the postsynaptic neuron?

Accepted Answer

A)  1 
B)  2 
C)  3 
D)  4 
E)  5 
A)  1 
B)  2 
C)  3 
D)  4 
E)  5

Question 12

Which of the following statements is true of succinylcholine?

Accepted Answer

A)  It acts as a muscle relaxant when given in small doses. 
B)  It strains muscles when given in small doses. 
C)  It is an irreversible inhibitor of acetylcholine. 
D)  None of these are true. 
A)  It acts as a muscle relaxant when given in small doses. 
B)  It strains muscles when given in small doses. 
C)  It is an irreversible inhibitor of acetylcholine. 
D)  None of these are true.

Question 13

Which of the following inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase was used in poisoned arrows by the Amazon Indians?

Accepted Answer

A)  curare 
B)  nicotine 
C)  succinylcholine 
D)  none of these 
A)  curare 
B)  nicotine 
C)  succinylcholine 
D)  none of these

Question 14

Which of the following ions is associated with acetylcholine as a secondary messenger?

Accepted Answer

A)  Ca2+ 
B)  Cl− 
C)  Mg2+ 
D)  H+ 
A)  Ca2+ 
B)  Cl− 
C)  Mg2+ 
D)  H+

Question 15

Which of the following drugs competes with the natural messenger for the receptor site?

Accepted Answer

A)  an agonist drug 
B)  an antagonist drug 
C)  both of these 
D)  none of these 
A)  an agonist drug 
B)  an antagonist drug 
C)  both of these 
D)  none of these

Question 16

Which of the following hormones is produced by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

Accepted Answer

A)  prolactin 
B)  epinephrine 
C)  renin 
D)  vasopressin 
A)  prolactin 
B)  epinephrine 
C)  renin 
D)  vasopressin

Question 17

Which of the following classes of chemical messengers include hormones?

Accepted Answer

A)  adrenergic 
B)  peptidergic 
C)  steroid 
D)  all of these 
A)  adrenergic 
B)  peptidergic 
C)  steroid 
D)  all of these

Question 18

Which of the following biological molecules used for cellular communication is also called the ligand?

Accepted Answer

A)  a chemical messenger 
B)  a secondary messenger 
C)  a receptor 
D)  none of these 
A)  a chemical messenger 
B)  a secondary messenger 
C)  a receptor 
D)  none of these

Question 19

Which of the following is the function of a secondary messenger?

Accepted Answer

A)  It assists in the amplification of a biological message. 
B)  It carries a message from the receptor to the inside of a cell. 
C)  Both of these are functions of the secondary messenger. 
D)  Neither of these are functions of the secondary messenger. 
A)  It assists in the amplification of a biological message. 
B)  It carries a message from the receptor to the inside of a cell. 
C)  Both of these are functions of the secondary messenger. 
D)  Neither of these are functions of the secondary messenger.

Question 20

Which of the following is a natural alkaloid that acts as a potent inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase?

Accepted Answer

A)  donepezil 
B)  rivastigmine 
C)  galantamine 
D)  huperzine A 
A)  donepezil 
B)  rivastigmine 
C)  galantamine 
D)  huperzine A

Exam 23: Chemical Communications: Neurotransmitters and Hormones

Which of the following is an excitatory neurotransmitter?

Consider the given diagram of a neuron. ​ Which number in the given diagram represents the sheath cell with nucleus?

Which of the following is the most universal yet versatile signaling agent?

Consider a substance that carries a message from the surface receptor to the inside of a cell. To which of the following types of molecules does this substance belong?

Which of the following drugs is the first dedicated antidepressant that was initially used to treat tuberculosis?

What happens to the steroid-receptor complex inside the nucleus?

Which of the following is not a result of signal transduction?

How are glutamic acid molecules removed from its receptor site?

Which of the following is a difference between neurotransmitters and hormones?

Identify a function of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase.

Consider the given diagram of a neuron. If the nerve impulse travels from the top to the bottom of the diagram, which of the following numbers in the given diagram represents the dendrites of the postsynaptic neuron?

Which of the following statements is true of succinylcholine?

Which of the following inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase was used in poisoned arrows by the Amazon Indians?

Which of the following ions is associated with acetylcholine as a secondary messenger?

Which of the following drugs competes with the natural messenger for the receptor site?

Which of the following hormones is produced by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

Which of the following classes of chemical messengers include hormones?

Which of the following biological molecules used for cellular communication is also called the ligand?

Which of the following is the function of a secondary messenger?

Which of the following is a natural alkaloid that acts as a potent inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase?

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Consider the given diagram of a neuron. Which number in the given diagram represents the sheath cell with nucleus?