Chat with AIExam 9: Cognitive Development: Information-Processing Perspectives and Connectionism
List three ways in which fuzzy traces differ from verbatim traces.
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Answered by Examlex AI CopilotFuzzy trace theory, developed by psychologists Valerie F. Reyna and Charles J. Brainerd, posits that when we encode and store information, we create two types of memory representations: fuzzy traces and verbatim traces. These two types of traces differ in several key ways:
1. **Level of Detail**:
- **Fuzzy Traces**: These are the gist or the essence of the information. Fuzzy traces capture the general meaning or the underlying pattern of the information without the specific details. They are more abstract and are thought to be the basis for intuition and the ability to make judgments based on the gist of information.
- **Verbatim Traces**: In contrast, verbatim traces are detailed and precise representations of the information. They include exact numbers, words, and other specific features of the original stimulus. Verbatim traces are necessary when precise recall is required, such as remembering a phone number or a specific list of instructions.
2. **Durability Over Time**:
- **Fuzzy Traces**: These traces are more durable and stable over time. Because they represent the general meaning rather than specific details, they are less susceptible to decay. The gist of an experience or information can often be remembered long after the exact details have been forgotten.
- **Verbatim Traces**: These are more likely to decay quickly. The exact details of information are harder to retain over long periods, which is why precise memories can become less accurate as time passes.
3. **Cognitive Processing**:
- **Fuzzy Traces**: The formation of fuzzy traces involves a higher level of cognitive processing where the individual extracts the meaning and relevance of information. This process is often more automatic and requires less cognitive effort once the gist is understood.
- **Verbatim Traces**: The encoding of verbatim traces requires attention to specific sensory details and often involves more effortful processing. Maintaining verbatim information can be cognitively demanding, as it requires focus and often rehearsal to keep the exact details in memory.
In summary, fuzzy traces are abstract, durable, and involve a higher level of cognitive processing that captures the essence of information. In contrast, verbatim traces are detailed, less durable, and require more effortful processing to maintain exact details. Understanding the distinction between these two types of memory traces is important in various fields, including psychology, education, and legal studies, as it affects how we remember, reason, and make decisions.
Describe scripted memories, and discuss how scripts may interfere with memories of novel events.
(28) Answered by Examlex AI CopilotScripted memories are memories that are based on familiar routines or events that have been repeated multiple times. These memories are often automatic and can be recalled without much effort. For example, remembering the steps to make a cup of coffee or the route to drive to work are examples of scripted memories.
Scripts may interfere with memories of novel events because they can cause individuals to rely on pre-existing knowledge and expectations, rather than accurately encoding and recalling new information. When a novel event occurs that does not fit into an existing script, it can be difficult for the individual to accurately remember the details of the event. This is because their brain may try to fit the new information into an existing script, leading to inaccuracies or gaps in their memory of the event.
Additionally, scripted memories can also lead to the phenomenon of false memories, where individuals may remember events that never actually occurred but fit into their existing scripts. This can further interfere with the accurate recall of novel events, as the individual's memory may become distorted by the inclusion of false information.
In conclusion, while scripted memories are useful for recalling familiar routines and events, they can interfere with the accurate encoding and recall of novel events by causing individuals to rely on pre-existing knowledge and expectations, potentially leading to inaccuracies and false memories.
You are assessing the strategies used to solve arithmetic problems by a group of Grade 1 students.One of the children consistently uses strategies such as decomposition and fact retrieval.Is this child's behaviour unusual?
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When preschoolers are given tests of memory recall, how do they typically perform?
(32) How does the depth of a child's knowledge base contribute to memory performance?
(42) Age-related improvements in which tasks are so reliable that this skill is among those that are assessed in children's intelligence tests?
(38) Which statement best characterizes the results of Vurpillot and colleagues' experiments regarding the abilities of children to search two different visual scenes and to identify differences between them?
(34) Chi found that young children outperformed adolescents and adults on memory tasks when the children had extensive knowledge in a specific area.How does this finding relate to age-related differences typically found in performance on memory span tasks?
(37) Discuss how culture influences the memory strategies we learn and employ.Does the evidence support Vygotsky's sociocultural theory?
(37) Which statement best summarizes the research findings regarding the effects of knowledge base on children's memory?
(33) Which is the most accurate statement regarding the superiority of recognition versus recall memory in children?
(32) Marta shows Eileen how to use the memory in her calculator to store the intermediate steps in a calculation.However, when Eileen tries to use Marta's method, she finds it confusing and reverts to writing down all the intermediate calculations, and then re-entering them when she needs them.In this example, what deficiency accounts for Eileen's behaviour?
(36) Outline how metamemory typically changes between the ages of 4 and 12.
(43) Which statement best characterizes the memory performance of children when they organize events into scripts?
(32) In her job as a medical resident, Karima is responsible for monitoring and attending to many patients at the same time, and providing both verbal and written reports to her supervisor.Karima's duties are similar to which connectionist concept?
(31) Studies of eyewitness memory typically have children experience or watch an event, and later answer questions about the events that they witnessed.Which of the following options best summarizes what preschool children provide during their recall of the event?
(43) Describe what is meant by event memory and strategic memory, and provide an example of each type of memory.
(42) Wilson remembered his new six-digit PIN number for his ATM card by noting that the first two digits were the year he was born, the second two digits were the year his son was born, and the last two digits were the year he graduated from high school.Wilson's strategy is an example of which mnemonic device?
(30) Dylan is a 10-year-old boy who loves sharks and has a great deal of knowledge on the topic.His uncle Gerry knows nothing about sharks.Pictures of sharks are shown to them at a rate of one per second.After a delay, they are shown a set of pictures that contain both new items and old items.If Dylan performs better than Gerry on the recall task, what is the most likely explanation?
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