Question 1

A negative contingency between a response and an aversive stimulus is also known as

Accepted Answer

A)  positive reinforcement. 
B)  negative reinforcement. 
C)  punishment. 
D)  omission training. 
A)  positive reinforcement. 
B)  negative reinforcement. 
C)  punishment. 
D)  omission training.

Question 2

Shaping depends on which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  the variability of behavior 
B)  nonreinforcement of the target response 
C)  continued reinforcement of early response forms 
D)  delivering the reinforcer only for responses that exceed any previous response 
A)  the variability of behavior 
B)  nonreinforcement of the target response 
C)  continued reinforcement of early response forms 
D)  delivering the reinforcer only for responses that exceed any previous response

Question 3

A delay in the delivery of a reinforcer after the target response is likely to disrupt conditioning because

Accepted Answer

A)  animals have poor memories. 
B)  animals keep responding during the delay. 
C)  animals have attentional difficulties. 
D)  animals expect responses to lead to reinforcers. 
A)  animals have poor memories. 
B)  animals keep responding during the delay. 
C)  animals have attentional difficulties. 
D)  animals expect responses to lead to reinforcers.

Question 4

What is the current thinking about instrumental reinforcement and creativity,and what is the relevant experimental evidence?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is the current thinking about instrumental...

Question 5

Imagine that a friend of yours has committed a faux pas at your dinner party.Rather than embarrass your friend with an immediate correction,you wait until the party is over.Why is this not likely to alter your friend's behavior? What could you have done to improve the chances that a correction administered after the party would change the behavior?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Imagine that a friend of yours has...

Question 6

Which of the following is typical of a discrete trial procedure?

Accepted Answer

A)  A hungry rat makes a choice between plain food and food enhanced with a sweetener in a T-maze. 
B)  A monkey pushes a lever to watch an electric train. 
C)  A thirsty pigeon pecks a key to gain access to water. 
D)  A hungry rat moves a rod to earn a food pellet. 
A)  A hungry rat makes a choice between plain food and food enhanced with a sweetener in a T-maze. 
B)  A monkey pushes a lever to watch an electric train. 
C)  A thirsty pigeon pecks a key to gain access to water. 
D)  A hungry rat moves a rod to earn a food pellet.

Question 7

In a study where pigeons were reinforced only if the pattern of pecks delivered to two keys was different from the previous 50 patterns,researchers determined that

Accepted Answer

A)  reinforcement increases stereotypy. 
B)  behavioral variability can be the basis for instrumental reinforcement. 
C)  reinforcement decreases intrinsic motivation. 
D)  reinforcement decreases originality. 
A)  reinforcement increases stereotypy. 
B)  behavioral variability can be the basis for instrumental reinforcement. 
C)  reinforcement decreases intrinsic motivation. 
D)  reinforcement decreases originality.

Question 8

Ralph only gets to watch television in the afternoons if he doesn't hit his sister.Otherwise,he must spend the afternoon in his room.This is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  differential reinforcement of other behavior. 
B)  avoidance training. 
C)  punishment. 
D)  negative reinforcement. 
A)  differential reinforcement of other behavior. 
B)  avoidance training. 
C)  punishment. 
D)  negative reinforcement.

Question 9

A rat in a Skinner box receives a food pellet every fifth time it pushes the response lever.This is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  punishment. 
B)  differential reinforcement of other behavior. 
C)  positive reinforcement. 
D)  negative reinforcement. 
A)  punishment. 
B)  differential reinforcement of other behavior. 
C)  positive reinforcement. 
D)  negative reinforcement.

Question 10

Graduate students are barely given enough money to buy noodle soup.When they finish their degrees they jump at the chance to work for a university for pauper's wages.The universities are able to keep the salaries low and still have plenty of applicants because of

Accepted Answer

A)  positive contrast. 
B)  negative contrast. 
C)  simultaneous contrast. 
D)  stereotypic contrast. 
A)  positive contrast. 
B)  negative contrast. 
C)  simultaneous contrast. 
D)  stereotypic contrast.

Question 11

Compare and contrast free-operant and discrete-trial methods for the study of instrumental behavior.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Compare and contrast free-operant and discrete-trial methods...

Question 12

Subjects exposed to inescapable shock in the exposure phase of a learned helplessness experiment typically show slowed escape learning during a later conditioning phase.However,if during the conditioning phase their escape responses are marked by an external stimulus,they show little disruption of their escape learning.This suggests that

Accepted Answer

A)  animals can perceive the contingency between their behavior and the delivery of a reinforcer. 
B)  animals learn to be inactive in response to inescapable shock during the exposure phase. 
C)  animals pay less attention to their actions due to inescapable shock. 
D)  animals perseverate in their responses following inescapable shock. 
A)  animals can perceive the contingency between their behavior and the delivery of a reinforcer. 
B)  animals learn to be inactive in response to inescapable shock during the exposure phase. 
C)  animals pay less attention to their actions due to inescapable shock. 
D)  animals perseverate in their responses following inescapable shock.

Question 13

Dave the Druid makes a sacrificial offering of wine to the sun every 365 days.Each time he does so,the sun rises over the same stone.Dave believes pouring wine over the stone causes the sun to rise there because he has made a mistake in the _____ component of the response reinforcer relationship.

Accepted Answer

A)  temporal contiguity 
B)  belongingness 
C)  contingency 
D)  timing 
A)  temporal contiguity 
B)  belongingness 
C)  contingency 
D)  timing

Question 14

Which of the following is an example of punishment?

Accepted Answer

A)  Dora is sent to her room without dessert because of her poor manners. 
B)  Steve has his mouth washed out with soap for swearing. 
C)  Bobby is not allowed to buy cigarettes because he is too young. 
D)  All of the above 
A)  Dora is sent to her room without dessert because of her poor manners. 
B)  Steve has his mouth washed out with soap for swearing. 
C)  Bobby is not allowed to buy cigarettes because he is too young. 
D)  All of the above

Question 15

The competition between natural responses and the responses required by the experimenter sometimes leads to the development of behaviors that interfere with an animal making an instrumental response.The development of these behaviors is called

Accepted Answer

A)  stereotypy. 
B)  differential variability. 
C)  instinctive drift. 
D)  behavioral systems. 
A)  stereotypy. 
B)  differential variability. 
C)  instinctive drift. 
D)  behavioral systems.

Question 16

What are the similarities and differences between positive and negative reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What are the similarities and differences between...

Question 17

Compare positive and negative response-reinforcer contingencies.How do these contingencies contribute to the classification of instrumental conditioning procedures?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Compare positive and negative response-reinforcer contingencies.How do...

Question 18

The most prominent area to which the concept of helplessness has been applied in human behavior is the study of

Accepted Answer

A)  panic attacks. 
B)  depression. 
C)  schizophrenia. 
D)  dissociative disorders. 
A)  panic attacks. 
B)  depression. 
C)  schizophrenia. 
D)  dissociative disorders.

Question 19

According to the text,an unpleasant outcome is technically termed which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  punishment 
B)  averse stimulus 
C)  positive reinforcement 
D)  negative reinforcement 
A)  punishment 
B)  averse stimulus 
C)  positive reinforcement 
D)  negative reinforcement

Question 20

What are the differences between negative reinforcement and punishment? Between escape and avoidance?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What are the differences between negative reinforcement...

A negative contingency between a response and an aversive stimulus is also known as

Shaping depends on which of the following?

A delay in the delivery of a reinforcer after the target response is likely to disrupt conditioning because

What is the current thinking about instrumental reinforcement and creativity,and what is the relevant experimental evidence?

Which of the following is typical of a discrete trial procedure?

In a study where pigeons were reinforced only if the pattern of pecks delivered to two keys was different from the previous 50 patterns,researchers determined that

Ralph only gets to watch television in the afternoons if he doesn't hit his sister.Otherwise,he must spend the afternoon in his room.This is an example of

A rat in a Skinner box receives a food pellet every fifth time it pushes the response lever.This is an example of

Graduate students are barely given enough money to buy noodle soup.When they finish their degrees they jump at the chance to work for a university for pauper's wages.The universities are able to keep the salaries low and still have plenty of applicants because of

Compare and contrast free-operant and discrete-trial methods for the study of instrumental behavior.

Dave the Druid makes a sacrificial offering of wine to the sun every 365 days.Each time he does so,the sun rises over the same stone.Dave believes pouring wine over the stone causes the sun to rise there because he has made a mistake in the _____ component of the response reinforcer relationship.

Which of the following is an example of punishment?

The competition between natural responses and the responses required by the experimenter sometimes leads to the development of behaviors that interfere with an animal making an instrumental response.The development of these behaviors is called

What are the similarities and differences between positive and negative reinforcement?

Compare positive and negative response-reinforcer contingencies.How do these contingencies contribute to the classification of instrumental conditioning procedures?

The most prominent area to which the concept of helplessness has been applied in human behavior is the study of

According to the text,an unpleasant outcome is technically termed which of the following?

What are the differences between negative reinforcement and punishment? Between escape and avoidance?

Introduction

Elicited Behavior, Habituation, and Sensitization

Classical Conditioning: Foundations

Classical Conditioning: Mechanisms

Schedules of Reinforcement and Choice Behavior

Instrumental Conditioning: Motivational Mechanisms

Stimulus Control of Behavior

Extinction of Conditioned Behavior

Aversive Control: Avoidance and Punishment

Comparative Cognition I: Memory Mechanisms

Comparative Cognition II: Special Topics

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Exam 5: Instrumental Conditioning: Foundations

A negative contingency between a response and an aversive stimulus is also known as

Shaping depends on which of the following?

A delay in the delivery of a reinforcer after the target response is likely to disrupt conditioning because

What is the current thinking about instrumental reinforcement and creativity,and what is the relevant experimental evidence?

Which of the following is typical of a discrete trial procedure?

In a study where pigeons were reinforced only if the pattern of pecks delivered to two keys was different from the previous 50 patterns,researchers determined that

Ralph only gets to watch television in the afternoons if he doesn't hit his sister.Otherwise,he must spend the afternoon in his room.This is an example of

A rat in a Skinner box receives a food pellet every fifth time it pushes the response lever.This is an example of

Graduate students are barely given enough money to buy noodle soup.When they finish their degrees they jump at the chance to work for a university for pauper's wages.The universities are able to keep the salaries low and still have plenty of applicants because of

Compare and contrast free-operant and discrete-trial methods for the study of instrumental behavior.

Dave the Druid makes a sacrificial offering of wine to the sun every 365 days.Each time he does so,the sun rises over the same stone.Dave believes pouring wine over the stone causes the sun to rise there because he has made a mistake in the _____ component of the response reinforcer relationship.

Which of the following is an example of punishment?

The competition between natural responses and the responses required by the experimenter sometimes leads to the development of behaviors that interfere with an animal making an instrumental response.The development of these behaviors is called

What are the similarities and differences between positive and negative reinforcement?

Compare positive and negative response-reinforcer contingencies.How do these contingencies contribute to the classification of instrumental conditioning procedures?

The most prominent area to which the concept of helplessness has been applied in human behavior is the study of

According to the text,an unpleasant outcome is technically termed which of the following?

What are the differences between negative reinforcement and punishment? Between escape and avoidance?

Introduction

Elicited Behavior, Habituation, and Sensitization

Classical Conditioning: Foundations

Classical Conditioning: Mechanisms

Schedules of Reinforcement and Choice Behavior

Instrumental Conditioning: Motivational Mechanisms

Stimulus Control of Behavior

Extinction of Conditioned Behavior

Aversive Control: Avoidance and Punishment

Comparative Cognition I: Memory Mechanisms

Comparative Cognition II: Special Topics

Filters