Exam 9: Prosocial Behavior: Doing Whats Best for Others

The management at Nargis's company tends to be fair. They treat people with respect, they do not make unrealistic demands on their employees, and they reward people appropriately. As a result, Nargis and her coworkers tend to be good "____"; they help one another out and speak respectfully of their jobs.

The political scientist Robert Axelrod once held a computer tournament designed to determine the most successful strategy for approaching the prisoner's dilemma (the strategy that would win out most often on a sustained basis). What he found was that the most successful strategy was loosely based on a pattern of ____.

You are more likely to receive help on a crowded street corner than in a lightly populated street corner.

In social psychology, the tendency for people to be less likely to offer help when they are in the presence of others than when they are alone is known as ____.

Under what circumstances are attractive victims more likely to receive help than unattractive victims?

Research on gender and helping indicates that ____.

In one well-known study on empathy, participants were given the option of (a)leaving the study or (b)switching places with a confederate who was receiving random electrical shocks but was afraid of them (because of a negative childhood experience she had with electricity). Participants were given these options after having been told that their values and interests were similar to those of the confederate or after having been told that their values and interests were different from those of the confederate. What were the results of this study?

Political scientist Robert Axelrod once held a computer tournament designed to determine the most successful strategy (the strategy that would win most often for the longest period of time)used in the prisoner's dilemma game. The winning strategy was ________________.

How does money impact self-sufficiency?

Yesi is working on a group project. Because her project partners are somewhat greedy, she is concerned that she will not get the credit she deserves for her work. That is, she is concerned about being ________________. ​

Equity is another word for equality; the equity norm and the equality norm are the same thing. ​

Research on fairness among humans and monkeys-and the concepts of being over benefited versus under benefited-indicates that ____.

Social psychologists often make use of a game called the ____ to study people's tendencies to cooperate versus compete.

Suppose that you are working with a group of monkeys. You give some monkeys a small reward (a cucumber)for performing a given task, while you give other monkeys a bigger and better reward (a banana)for performing the exact same task. Research suggests that the monkeys ____ compare their rewards and that, as a result, ____.

Research shows that playing violent video games tends to ____. ​

A society in which people respect and follow the rules is said to have an effective ____. ​

In one well-known study on empathy, participants were required to watch a confederate (named Elaine)receive electric shocks. Some participants were told that they had to watch her receive 10 full trials of shocks, while others were told that they could leave after watching the first two trials. Some participants were also told that their values and interests were similar to Elaine's (similarity group), while others were told that their values and interests were different from Elaine's (non-similarity group). After the first two trials were completed, participants were told that Elaine was unusually upset by the shocks due to a negative childhood experience related to electricity. The participants were then asked whether they would be willing to switch places with Elaine. In this study, the 10-trial versus two-trial instruction was designed as a manipulation of ____, and the similar versus dissimilar information was designed to be a manipulation of ____.

Research indicates that males are more helpful than females in the broader public sphere, toward strangers, and in emergency settings.

The concept of "pay it forward"-passing benefits on to third parties instead of returning benefits to one's benefactors-can promote pro social behavior. Social scientists refer to this concept as ____.

Emma's company cannot afford to give cost-of-living raises to everyone, so they opt to give every full-time employee a one-time $500 bonus, regardless of the employee's salary or responsibilities. This ensures ____.