Exam 6: Labeling Theory: Societal Reaction and the Creation of Criminals

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Lemert's notions of primary and secondary deviance are important concepts in the field of sociology and criminology. Primary deviance refers to the initial act of deviance or rule-breaking behavior that an individual engages in. This could be something like experimenting with drugs, skipping school, or engaging in petty theft. It is considered primary because it is the first instance of deviance and may not necessarily lead to further deviant behavior.

On the other hand, secondary deviance occurs when an individual's primary deviant behavior is labeled and stigmatized by society. This labeling can lead to the individual internalizing this deviant identity and engaging in further deviant behavior as a result. For example, if a teenager is caught shoplifting and is labeled as a "thief" by their community, they may start to see themselves in this light and continue to engage in theft as a way of fulfilling this role that has been imposed on them.

The sequence leading to secondary deviance typically involves a few key steps. First, there is the initial act of primary deviance. This is followed by societal reaction, which can include labeling, stigmatization, and social exclusion. This reaction can then lead to the individual internalizing this deviant identity and adopting it as part of their self-concept. As a result, they may continue to engage in deviant behavior as a way of conforming to this new identity that has been imposed on them.

Overall, the difference between primary and secondary deviance lies in the societal reaction to the initial deviant behavior and the subsequent internalization of this deviant identity by the individual. Understanding these concepts can help us better understand the processes that lead individuals to engage in ongoing deviant behavior and the role that societal reactions play in shaping these behaviors.