Question 1

Akers's empirical tests of social learning theories suggest which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  Definitions have been shown to be related to delinquency, but differential reinforcements have not been shown to be related to delinquency. 
B)  All four social learning variables have been shown to be related to smoking and drinking, but none has been shown to be related to more criminal delinquency (e.g., serious drug use, rape, violence). 
C)  Definitions and differential reinforcement have been shown to be related to delinquency, but differential associations and imitation have not been shown to be related to delinquency. 
D)  All four social learning variables have been shown to be related to various forms of deviant behavior. 
A)  Definitions have been shown to be related to delinquency, but differential reinforcements have not been shown to be related to delinquency. 
B)  All four social learning variables have been shown to be related to smoking and drinking, but none has been shown to be related to more criminal delinquency (e.g., serious drug use, rape, violence). 
C)  Definitions and differential reinforcement have been shown to be related to delinquency, but differential associations and imitation have not been shown to be related to delinquency. 
D)  All four social learning variables have been shown to be related to various forms of deviant behavior. D

Question 2

Discuss in detail three major criticisms of social learning theory.

Accepted Answer

Social learning theory, developed by Albert Bandura, has been widely influential in the field of psychology and has contributed to our understanding of how individuals learn and develop behaviors. However, there are several criticisms of this theory that have been raised by researchers and scholars.

One major criticism of social learning theory is that it oversimplifies the complex process of learning and behavior development. Critics argue that the theory places too much emphasis on the role of external influences, such as modeling and reinforcement, and neglects the role of internal cognitive processes. This criticism suggests that social learning theory fails to fully account for the individual's own thoughts, beliefs, and motivations in the learning process.

Another criticism of social learning theory is that it may not adequately explain the development of all types of behaviors. Some researchers argue that the theory is more applicable to certain types of behaviors, such as those that are easily observed and imitated, and may not be as relevant for more complex or internalized behaviors. This criticism suggests that social learning theory may have limitations in its ability to explain the full range of human behavior.

A third major criticism of social learning theory is that it may not fully consider the role of biological and genetic factors in behavior development. Critics argue that the theory tends to downplay the influence of innate predispositions and genetic factors on behavior, and instead focuses primarily on environmental influences. This criticism suggests that social learning theory may not provide a comprehensive understanding of the complex interplay between genetic, environmental, and cognitive factors in behavior development.

In conclusion, while social learning theory has made significant contributions to our understanding of learning and behavior, it is not without its criticisms. These criticisms highlight the need for a more comprehensive and integrated approach to understanding human behavior that takes into account both external and internal influences, as well as genetic and environmental factors.

Question 3

Which concept is at the heart of the code of the street, according to Anderson?

Accepted Answer

A)  Respect. 
B)  Decency. 
C)  Addiction. 
D)  Reinforcement. 
A)  Respect. 
B)  Decency. 
C)  Addiction. 
D)  Reinforcement. A

Question 4

Explain in detail the differences between decent families and street families according to Anderson's research.

Accepted Answer

In his research, sociologist Elijah Ande

Question 5

In Akers's social learning theory, which of the following concepts refers to the process by which a person is exposed to definitions favorable or unfavorable to illegal behavior?

Accepted Answer

A)  Differential association. 
B)  Definitions. 
C)  Differential reinforcement. 
D)  Imitation. 
A)  Differential association. 
B)  Definitions. 
C)  Differential reinforcement. 
D)  Imitation.

Question 6

In Akers's social learning theory, which of the following concepts refers to the engagement of behavior after the observation of similar behavior in others?

Accepted Answer

A)  Differential association. 
B)  Definitions. 
C)  Differential reinforcement. 
D)  Imitation. 
A)  Differential association. 
B)  Definitions. 
C)  Differential reinforcement. 
D)  Imitation.

Question 7

Sutherland (or Sutherland and Cressey) indicates that differential associations may vary in

Accepted Answer

A)  Frequency, intimacy, favorability, unfavorability. 
B)  Frequency, criminality, heritability, likability. 
C)  Criminality, heritability, popularity, intimacy. 
D)  Frequency, duration, priority, and intensity. 
A)  Frequency, intimacy, favorability, unfavorability. 
B)  Frequency, criminality, heritability, likability. 
C)  Criminality, heritability, popularity, intimacy. 
D)  Frequency, duration, priority, and intensity.

Question 8

Elijah Anderson's research on the code of the streets suggested which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  Only the children of street families are exposed to the street culture. 
B)  Street families encourage delayed gratification among their children. 
C)  Street families often have superficial and sporadic family relationships. 
D)  Street families and decent families always live in different areas. 
A)  Only the children of street families are exposed to the street culture. 
B)  Street families encourage delayed gratification among their children. 
C)  Street families often have superficial and sporadic family relationships. 
D)  Street families and decent families always live in different areas.

Question 9

What is the code of the street? Explain its components (central values and norms) in detail. Why does it emerge? How does it affect rates of crime in inner-city areas?

Accepted Answer

The "code of the street" refers to a set

Question 10

The criticism that "the theory fails to fully describe the process by which crime is learned" is most often heard in relation to which theory?

Accepted Answer

A)  Differential association theory. 
B)  Social learning theory. 
C)  Social structure and social learning. 
D)  Subculture of violence thesis. 
A)  Differential association theory. 
B)  Social learning theory. 
C)  Social structure and social learning. 
D)  Subculture of violence thesis.

Question 11

Macro-level learning theories argue which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  Social learning factors indirectly affect behavior. That is, social learning factors directly affect social structural factors which, in turn, directly affect behavior. 
B)  Definitions and differential reinforcements are important in predicting delinquency, but differential associations and imitation are not important. 
C)  Certain groups have values conducive to crime, so crime will be highest in areas with such groups. 
D)  Certain individuals have an excess of definitions favorable to violation of law; crime is more likely among those individuals. 
A)  Social learning factors indirectly affect behavior. That is, social learning factors directly affect social structural factors which, in turn, directly affect behavior. 
B)  Definitions and differential reinforcements are important in predicting delinquency, but differential associations and imitation are not important. 
C)  Certain groups have values conducive to crime, so crime will be highest in areas with such groups. 
D)  Certain individuals have an excess of definitions favorable to violation of law; crime is more likely among those individuals.

Question 12

Provide a description of the empirical support for social learning theory.

Accepted Answer

Social learning theory, developed by Alb

Question 13

In Akers's social learning theory, which of the following concepts refers to the balance of anticipated or actual rewards or punishments that follow behavior?

Accepted Answer

A)  Differential association. 
B)  Definitions. 
C)  Differential reinforcement. 
D)  Imitation. 
A)  Differential association. 
B)  Definitions. 
C)  Differential reinforcement. 
D)  Imitation.

Question 14

Why does crime occur, according to differential association theory? Describe the theory's key concepts and propositions.

Accepted Answer

According to the differential associatio

Question 15

According to Sutherland (and Sutherland and Cressey), our associations do not carry equal weight; some are more influential than others. What types of associations carry the greatest weight in influencing our behavior?

Accepted Answer

According to Sutherland and Cressey, the

Question 16

In Akers's social learning theory, removing a positive stimulus is referred to as

Accepted Answer

A)  Positive reinforcement. 
B)  Negative reinforcement. 
C)  Direct punishment. 
D)  Indirect punishment. 
A)  Positive reinforcement. 
B)  Negative reinforcement. 
C)  Direct punishment. 
D)  Indirect punishment.

Question 17

To what extent does the code of the street affect the behavior of girls?

Accepted Answer

The code of the street can have a signif

Question 18

Which of the following is true about Sutherland's (or Sutherland and Cressey's) theory of differential association?

Accepted Answer

A)  It argues that people commit crime mainly by seeing violence in the movies. 
B)  It argues that learning to be criminal is different from learning other forms of behavior that are not criminal. 
C)  It argues that people become criminal when there is an excess of definitions favorable to violation of law over definitions unfavorable to violation of law. 
D)  It argues that white-collar crimes are learned, while street crimes (e.g., homicide, robbery, burglary, etc.) are a result of mental illness. 
A)  It argues that people commit crime mainly by seeing violence in the movies. 
B)  It argues that learning to be criminal is different from learning other forms of behavior that are not criminal. 
C)  It argues that people become criminal when there is an excess of definitions favorable to violation of law over definitions unfavorable to violation of law. 
D)  It argues that white-collar crimes are learned, while street crimes (e.g., homicide, robbery, burglary, etc.) are a result of mental illness.

Question 19

Elijah Anderson's research on the code of the streets suggested which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  Most people in inner-city areas are completely invested in the code. 
B)  Decent and street families can exist within the same extended kinship network. 
C)  The code is applicable to adults in the inner city, but not to children and adolescents. 
D)  Street families are the working poor. 
A)  Most people in inner-city areas are completely invested in the code. 
B)  Decent and street families can exist within the same extended kinship network. 
C)  The code is applicable to adults in the inner city, but not to children and adolescents. 
D)  Street families are the working poor.

Question 20

Sutherland's (or Sutherland and Cressey's) theory of differential association

Accepted Answer

A)  Argues that crime and noncrime are largely a function of imitation. 
B)  Argues that crime, but not noncrime, is largely a function of imitation. 
C)  Argues that criminal and noncriminal behavior are learned in similar ways. 
D)  Argues that macro-level characteristics or processes are unimportant in learning. 
A)  Argues that crime and noncrime are largely a function of imitation. 
B)  Argues that crime, but not noncrime, is largely a function of imitation. 
C)  Argues that criminal and noncriminal behavior are learned in similar ways. 
D)  Argues that macro-level characteristics or processes are unimportant in learning.

Akers's empirical tests of social learning theories suggest which of the following?

Discuss in detail three major criticisms of social learning theory.

Which concept is at the heart of the code of the street, according to Anderson?

Explain in detail the differences between decent families and street families according to Anderson's research.

In Akers's social learning theory, which of the following concepts refers to the process by which a person is exposed to definitions favorable or unfavorable to illegal behavior?

In Akers's social learning theory, which of the following concepts refers to the engagement of behavior after the observation of similar behavior in others?

Sutherland (or Sutherland and Cressey) indicates that differential associations may vary in

Elijah Anderson's research on the code of the streets suggested which of the following?

What is the code of the street? Explain its components (central values and norms) in detail. Why does it emerge? How does it affect rates of crime in inner-city areas?

The criticism that "the theory fails to fully describe the process by which crime is learned" is most often heard in relation to which theory?

Macro-level learning theories argue which of the following?

Provide a description of the empirical support for social learning theory.

In Akers's social learning theory, which of the following concepts refers to the balance of anticipated or actual rewards or punishments that follow behavior?

Why does crime occur, according to differential association theory? Describe the theory's key concepts and propositions.

According to Sutherland (and Sutherland and Cressey), our associations do not carry equal weight; some are more influential than others. What types of associations carry the greatest weight in influencing our behavior?

In Akers's social learning theory, removing a positive stimulus is referred to as

To what extent does the code of the street affect the behavior of girls?

Which of the following is true about Sutherland's (or Sutherland and Cressey's) theory of differential association?

Elijah Anderson's research on the code of the streets suggested which of the following?

Sutherland's (or Sutherland and Cressey's) theory of differential association

The Origins of Modern Criminology

The Chicago School: The City, Social Disorganization, and Crime

Anomiestrain Theories of Crime

Varieties of Control Theory

Labeling Theory: Societal Reaction and the Creation of Criminals

Critical Criminology: Power, Peace, and Crime

Feminist Theories: Gender, Power, and Crime

Theories of White-Collar Crime

Reviving Classical Theory: Deterrence and Rational Choice Theories

Environmental Criminology

Growing up Criminal: Trait and Biological Theories of Crime

Getting Into and Out of Crime: Life-Course Theories

Positive Criminology

How Black Lives Matter: Theoretical Developments

Putting It All Together: Integrated Theories of Crime

Putting Theory to Work: Guiding Crime Control Policy

Filters

Exam 3: Learning to Be a Criminal: Differential Association, Subcultural, and Social Learning Theories

Akers's empirical tests of social learning theories suggest which of the following?

Discuss in detail three major criticisms of social learning theory.

Which concept is at the heart of the code of the street, according to Anderson?

Explain in detail the differences between decent families and street families according to Anderson's research.

In Akers's social learning theory, which of the following concepts refers to the process by which a person is exposed to definitions favorable or unfavorable to illegal behavior?

In Akers's social learning theory, which of the following concepts refers to the engagement of behavior after the observation of similar behavior in others?

Sutherland (or Sutherland and Cressey) indicates that differential associations may vary in

Elijah Anderson's research on the code of the streets suggested which of the following?

What is the code of the street? Explain its components (central values and norms) in detail. Why does it emerge? How does it affect rates of crime in inner-city areas?

The criticism that "the theory fails to fully describe the process by which crime is learned" is most often heard in relation to which theory?

Macro-level learning theories argue which of the following?

Provide a description of the empirical support for social learning theory.

In Akers's social learning theory, which of the following concepts refers to the balance of anticipated or actual rewards or punishments that follow behavior?

Why does crime occur, according to differential association theory? Describe the theory's key concepts and propositions.

According to Sutherland (and Sutherland and Cressey), our associations do not carry equal weight; some are more influential than others. What types of associations carry the greatest weight in influencing our behavior?

In Akers's social learning theory, removing a positive stimulus is referred to as

To what extent does the code of the street affect the behavior of girls?

Which of the following is true about Sutherland's (or Sutherland and Cressey's) theory of differential association?

Elijah Anderson's research on the code of the streets suggested which of the following?

Sutherland's (or Sutherland and Cressey's) theory of differential association

The Origins of Modern Criminology

The Chicago School: The City, Social Disorganization, and Crime

Anomiestrain Theories of Crime

Varieties of Control Theory

Labeling Theory: Societal Reaction and the Creation of Criminals

Critical Criminology: Power, Peace, and Crime

Feminist Theories: Gender, Power, and Crime

Theories of White-Collar Crime

Reviving Classical Theory: Deterrence and Rational Choice Theories

Environmental Criminology

Growing up Criminal: Trait and Biological Theories of Crime

Getting Into and Out of Crime: Life-Course Theories

Positive Criminology

How Black Lives Matter: Theoretical Developments

Putting It All Together: Integrated Theories of Crime

Putting Theory to Work: Guiding Crime Control Policy

Filters