Question 1

Kirk and Papachristos discovered that

Accepted Answer

A)  Legal cynicism was not related to neighborhood-level homicide. 
B)  Legal cynicism was negatively related to neighborhood-level homicides. 
C)  Legal cynicism was positively related to neighborhood-level homicides. 
D)  Legal cynicism had no impact on collective efficacy. 
A)  Legal cynicism was not related to neighborhood-level homicide. 
B)  Legal cynicism was negatively related to neighborhood-level homicides. 
C)  Legal cynicism was positively related to neighborhood-level homicides. 
D)  Legal cynicism had no impact on collective efficacy. C

Question 2

Macro-level theory refers to

Accepted Answer

A)  Theory that studies personality supertraits as opposed to the many component traits. 
B)  Theory that studies the characteristics of individuals. 
C)  Theory that studies the characteristics of geographical units. 
D)  Theory that studies social disorganization. 
A)  Theory that studies personality supertraits as opposed to the many component traits. 
B)  Theory that studies the characteristics of individuals. 
C)  Theory that studies the characteristics of geographical units. 
D)  Theory that studies social disorganization. C

Question 3

Legal cynicism emerges from

Accepted Answer

A)  Neighborhoodwide concentrated disadvantage and neighborhoodwide police encounters. 
B)  Individual police encounters and individual socioeconomic status. 
C)  Individual police encounters and neighborhood poverty level. 
D)  Racial makeup of the neighborhood and police interactions. 
A)  Neighborhoodwide concentrated disadvantage and neighborhoodwide police encounters. 
B)  Individual police encounters and individual socioeconomic status. 
C)  Individual police encounters and neighborhood poverty level. 
D)  Racial makeup of the neighborhood and police interactions. A

Question 4

How do Sampson and Groves extend social disorganization theory?

Accepted Answer

A)  By introducing the term collective efficacy, measuring it, and studying it as a dynamic process. 
B)  By emphasizing the link between social disorganization and racial inequality. 
C)  By emphasizing the importance of cultural disorganization as well as structural disorganization. 
D)  By providing a groundbreaking empirical test of social disorganization theory in which social disorganization was measured. 
A)  By introducing the term collective efficacy, measuring it, and studying it as a dynamic process. 
B)  By emphasizing the link between social disorganization and racial inequality. 
C)  By emphasizing the importance of cultural disorganization as well as structural disorganization. 
D)  By providing a groundbreaking empirical test of social disorganization theory in which social disorganization was measured.

Question 5

What does it mean to say that a community is socially disorganized? Why is crime most likely to occur in such areas?

Accepted Answer

When a community is described as sociall

Question 6

According to Shaw and McKay, rates of juvenile crime are highest

Accepted Answer

A)  In socially disorganized neighborhoods on the outer ring of the city. 
B)  In the zone in transition. 
C)  In New York as opposed to Chicago. 
D)  In African American neighborhoods but not in poor neighborhoods occupied by other ethnic groups. 
A)  In socially disorganized neighborhoods on the outer ring of the city. 
B)  In the zone in transition. 
C)  In New York as opposed to Chicago. 
D)  In African American neighborhoods but not in poor neighborhoods occupied by other ethnic groups.

Question 7

Areas with high amounts of legal cynicism

Accepted Answer

A)  View violence as a favorable response in all cases. 
B)  View violence unfavorably in all cases. 
C)  View violence as an appropriate response in certain cases. 
D)  Do not have a view on when violence should be used. 
A)  View violence as a favorable response in all cases. 
B)  View violence unfavorably in all cases. 
C)  View violence as an appropriate response in certain cases. 
D)  Do not have a view on when violence should be used.

Question 8

The term that refers to mutual trust and support among residents as well as a willingness to intervene on the community's behalf (e.g., willing to exercise informal social control) is

Accepted Answer

A)  Cognitive landscapes. 
B)  Concentrated disadvantage. 
C)  Social disorganization. 
D)  Collective efficacy. 
A)  Cognitive landscapes. 
B)  Concentrated disadvantage. 
C)  Social disorganization. 
D)  Collective efficacy.

Question 9

Drawing on the work of Sampson, Raudenbush, and Earls, answer the following:
a. What is collective efficacy?
b. How does it play a role in crime?
c. How does collective efficacy emerge?

Accepted Answer

Collective efficacy refers to the social

Question 10

Describe Burgess's concentric zone model. How did Shaw and McKay use that model in their own research?

Accepted Answer

Burgess's concentric zone model is a the

Question 11

The idea that socially disorganized areas emerge out of a natural process of urban growth is most challenged by which work?

Accepted Answer

A)  Burgess's work, "The Growth of the City." 
B)  Shaw and McKay's work, Juvenile Delinquency and Urban Areas. 
C)  Sampson and Wilson's work, "A Theory of Race, Crime, and Urban Inequality." 
D)  Sampson, Raudenbush, and Earls's work, "Collective Efficacy and Crime." 
A)  Burgess's work, "The Growth of the City." 
B)  Shaw and McKay's work, Juvenile Delinquency and Urban Areas. 
C)  Sampson and Wilson's work, "A Theory of Race, Crime, and Urban Inequality." 
D)  Sampson, Raudenbush, and Earls's work, "Collective Efficacy and Crime."

Question 12

Shaw and McKay's social disorganization theory grew out of research in what period?

Accepted Answer

A)  Early 1800s. 
B)  1850-1900. 
C)  Early to mid-1900s. 
D)  1980-2000. 
A)  Early 1800s. 
B)  1850-1900. 
C)  Early to mid-1900s. 
D)  1980-2000.

Question 13

Which of the following statements about Shaw and McKay's theory and research is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Contrary to popular opinion, they argued that most delinquents come from homes in which the parents closely supervise their children. 
B)  They argued that kids become delinquent because they experience status frustration. 
C)  They argued that gangs were rare and that most youth committed crimes on their own. 
D)  They argued that delinquency was caused when youths were not controlled by adults and were exposed to delinquent values taught to them by older kids or adult criminals. 
A)  Contrary to popular opinion, they argued that most delinquents come from homes in which the parents closely supervise their children. 
B)  They argued that kids become delinquent because they experience status frustration. 
C)  They argued that gangs were rare and that most youth committed crimes on their own. 
D)  They argued that delinquency was caused when youths were not controlled by adults and were exposed to delinquent values taught to them by older kids or adult criminals.

Question 14

Kirk and Papachristos examined the relationship between

Accepted Answer

A)  Individual perception of the police and individuals' willingness to use violence to solve problems. 
B)  Community culture and neighborhood violence. 
C)  The number of arrests in a community and the perception of the police. 
D)  Structural conditions and individual perceptions of the police. 
A)  Individual perception of the police and individuals' willingness to use violence to solve problems. 
B)  Community culture and neighborhood violence. 
C)  The number of arrests in a community and the perception of the police. 
D)  Structural conditions and individual perceptions of the police.

Question 15

Describe in detail how Sampson, Raudenbush, and Earls tested the importance of community collective efficacy. What did they find?

Accepted Answer

Sampson, Raudenbush, and Earls tested th

Question 16

Individuals acquire cynicism through

Accepted Answer

A)  Medial portrayal of the police. 
B)  Personal experience with police brutality. 
C)  Living in an impoverished area. 
D)  Relationally through interactions with social networks. 
A)  Medial portrayal of the police. 
B)  Personal experience with police brutality. 
C)  Living in an impoverished area. 
D)  Relationally through interactions with social networks.

Question 17

To test their theory of collective efficacy, Sampson, Raudenbush, and Earls utilized what sort of data?

Accepted Answer

A)  They mapped by hand the addresses of all delinquents (known to Cook County Juvenile Court) in Chicago. 
B)  They analyzed survey data from the British Crime Survey. 
C)  They analyzed survey data from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods. 
D)  They analyzed survey data from the Chicago Area Project. 
A)  They mapped by hand the addresses of all delinquents (known to Cook County Juvenile Court) in Chicago. 
B)  They analyzed survey data from the British Crime Survey. 
C)  They analyzed survey data from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods. 
D)  They analyzed survey data from the Chicago Area Project.

Question 18

What are the policy implications of legal cynicism theory? What types of policing or other criminal justice policy seem warranted to combat legal cynicism and crime in communities?

Accepted Answer

The policy implications of legal cynicis

Question 19

Policy aimed at providing community-based recreational programs for youth is most consistent with which research?

Accepted Answer

A)  Burgess's work, "The Growth of the City." 
B)  Shaw and McKay's work, Juvenile Delinquency and Urban Areas. 
C)  Sampson and Wilson's work, "A Theory of Race, Crime, and Urban Inequality." 
D)  Sampson, Raudenbush, and Earls's work, "Collective Efficacy and Crime." 
A)  Burgess's work, "The Growth of the City." 
B)  Shaw and McKay's work, Juvenile Delinquency and Urban Areas. 
C)  Sampson and Wilson's work, "A Theory of Race, Crime, and Urban Inequality." 
D)  Sampson, Raudenbush, and Earls's work, "Collective Efficacy and Crime."

Question 20

How do Sampson, Raudenbush, and Earls extend social disorganization theory?

Accepted Answer

A)  By arguing that variations in social disorganization are linked to racial inequality. 
B)  By arguing that variations in social disorganization are linked to rates of deindustrialization. 
C)  By arguing that high rates of crime are linked to high levels of cultural disorganization and collective efficacy. 
D)  By arguing that high rates of crime are linked to low levels of collective efficacy. 
A)  By arguing that variations in social disorganization are linked to racial inequality. 
B)  By arguing that variations in social disorganization are linked to rates of deindustrialization. 
C)  By arguing that high rates of crime are linked to high levels of cultural disorganization and collective efficacy. 
D)  By arguing that high rates of crime are linked to low levels of collective efficacy.

Kirk and Papachristos discovered that

Macro-level theory refers to

Legal cynicism emerges from

How do Sampson and Groves extend social disorganization theory?

What does it mean to say that a community is socially disorganized? Why is crime most likely to occur in such areas?

According to Shaw and McKay, rates of juvenile crime are highest

Areas with high amounts of legal cynicism

The term that refers to mutual trust and support among residents as well as a willingness to intervene on the community's behalf (e.g., willing to exercise informal social control) is

Drawing on the work of Sampson, Raudenbush, and Earls, answer the following: a. What is collective efficacy? b. How does it play a role in crime? c. How does collective efficacy emerge?

Describe Burgess's concentric zone model. How did Shaw and McKay use that model in their own research?

The idea that socially disorganized areas emerge out of a natural process of urban growth is most challenged by which work?

Shaw and McKay's social disorganization theory grew out of research in what period?

Which of the following statements about Shaw and McKay's theory and research is true?

Kirk and Papachristos examined the relationship between

Describe in detail how Sampson, Raudenbush, and Earls tested the importance of community collective efficacy. What did they find?

Individuals acquire cynicism through

To test their theory of collective efficacy, Sampson, Raudenbush, and Earls utilized what sort of data?

What are the policy implications of legal cynicism theory? What types of policing or other criminal justice policy seem warranted to combat legal cynicism and crime in communities?

Policy aimed at providing community-based recreational programs for youth is most consistent with which research?

How do Sampson, Raudenbush, and Earls extend social disorganization theory?

The Origins of Modern Criminology

Learning to Be a Criminal: Differential Association, Subcultural, and Social Learning Theories

Anomiestrain Theories of Crime

Varieties of Control Theory

Labeling Theory: Societal Reaction and the Creation of Criminals

Critical Criminology: Power, Peace, and Crime

Feminist Theories: Gender, Power, and Crime

Theories of White-Collar Crime

Reviving Classical Theory: Deterrence and Rational Choice Theories

Environmental Criminology

Growing up Criminal: Trait and Biological Theories of Crime

Getting Into and Out of Crime: Life-Course Theories

Positive Criminology

How Black Lives Matter: Theoretical Developments

Putting It All Together: Integrated Theories of Crime

Putting Theory to Work: Guiding Crime Control Policy

Filters

Exam 2: The Chicago School: The City, Social Disorganization, and Crime

Kirk and Papachristos discovered that

Macro-level theory refers to

Legal cynicism emerges from

How do Sampson and Groves extend social disorganization theory?

What does it mean to say that a community is socially disorganized? Why is crime most likely to occur in such areas?

According to Shaw and McKay, rates of juvenile crime are highest

Areas with high amounts of legal cynicism

The term that refers to mutual trust and support among residents as well as a willingness to intervene on the community's behalf (e.g., willing to exercise informal social control) is

Drawing on the work of Sampson, Raudenbush, and Earls, answer the following: a. What is collective efficacy? b. How does it play a role in crime? c. How does collective efficacy emerge?

Describe Burgess's concentric zone model. How did Shaw and McKay use that model in their own research?

The idea that socially disorganized areas emerge out of a natural process of urban growth is most challenged by which work?

Shaw and McKay's social disorganization theory grew out of research in what period?

Which of the following statements about Shaw and McKay's theory and research is true?

Kirk and Papachristos examined the relationship between

Describe in detail how Sampson, Raudenbush, and Earls tested the importance of community collective efficacy. What did they find?

Individuals acquire cynicism through

To test their theory of collective efficacy, Sampson, Raudenbush, and Earls utilized what sort of data?

What are the policy implications of legal cynicism theory? What types of policing or other criminal justice policy seem warranted to combat legal cynicism and crime in communities?

Policy aimed at providing community-based recreational programs for youth is most consistent with which research?

How do Sampson, Raudenbush, and Earls extend social disorganization theory?

The Origins of Modern Criminology

Learning to Be a Criminal: Differential Association, Subcultural, and Social Learning Theories

Anomiestrain Theories of Crime

Varieties of Control Theory

Labeling Theory: Societal Reaction and the Creation of Criminals

Critical Criminology: Power, Peace, and Crime

Feminist Theories: Gender, Power, and Crime

Theories of White-Collar Crime

Reviving Classical Theory: Deterrence and Rational Choice Theories

Environmental Criminology

Growing up Criminal: Trait and Biological Theories of Crime

Getting Into and Out of Crime: Life-Course Theories

Positive Criminology

How Black Lives Matter: Theoretical Developments

Putting It All Together: Integrated Theories of Crime

Putting Theory to Work: Guiding Crime Control Policy

Filters