Question 1

According to A General Theory of Crime, a criminal predisposition is

Accepted Answer

A)  Innate. 
B)  Learned from negative peer influences. 
C)  A result of ineffective parenting. 
D)  A result of weak commitment to school/education. 
A)  Innate. 
B)  Learned from negative peer influences. 
C)  A result of ineffective parenting. 
D)  A result of weak commitment to school/education. C

Question 2

Which of the following is true about control theories?

Accepted Answer

A)  Merton's anomie theory is an example of a control theory. 
B)  Control theories view individuals as blank slates onto which society writes a script. 
C)  Society is characterized by culture conflict. 
D)  It is human nature for people to break the law. 
A)  Merton's anomie theory is an example of a control theory. 
B)  Control theories view individuals as blank slates onto which society writes a script. 
C)  Society is characterized by culture conflict. 
D)  It is human nature for people to break the law. D

Question 3

Why did Walter Reckless believe that there were "good boys in bad neighborhoods?"

Accepted Answer

A)  They did well in school and thus did not experience the painful strains that other boys in the neighborhood experienced. 
B)  They learned early that crime was wrong and thus did not have the antisocial values that cause kids to break the law. 
C)  They had either inner containment (e.g., a good self-concept) or outer containment (e.g., their parents closely supervised them). 
D)  They were more involved in school- and community-based activities than other boys. 
A)  They did well in school and thus did not experience the painful strains that other boys in the neighborhood experienced. 
B)  They learned early that crime was wrong and thus did not have the antisocial values that cause kids to break the law. 
C)  They had either inner containment (e.g., a good self-concept) or outer containment (e.g., their parents closely supervised them). 
D)  They were more involved in school- and community-based activities than other boys. C

Question 4

If an individual justifies his or her delinquent actions by saying he or she acted on the demands of peer groups, what technique of neutralization has the individual used?

Accepted Answer

A)  Denial of responsibility. 
B)  Denial of injury. 
C)  Denial of the victim. 
D)  Appeal to higher loyalties. 
A)  Denial of responsibility. 
B)  Denial of injury. 
C)  Denial of the victim. 
D)  Appeal to higher loyalties.

Question 5

Hirschi was instrumental in both social bonding theory and self-control theory. Many critics have suggested that Hirschi contradicts himself in these two theories. Do you agree? Explain your position.

Accepted Answer

I do not agree that Hirschi contradicts

Question 6

Which of the following statements about Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Self-control is a result of the biological predispositions we are born with. 
B)  Self-control explains why people who have conduct problems in childhood often also later engage in delinquency and then in adult crime. 
C)  Self-control is not a stable trait, but a factor that comes and goes throughout one's life, thus explaining why people commit crimes at one time and not another. 
D)  Self-control is formed or not formed in the teenage years, which is why most delinquency occurs during adolescence. 
A)  Self-control is a result of the biological predispositions we are born with. 
B)  Self-control explains why people who have conduct problems in childhood often also later engage in delinquency and then in adult crime. 
C)  Self-control is not a stable trait, but a factor that comes and goes throughout one's life, thus explaining why people commit crimes at one time and not another. 
D)  Self-control is formed or not formed in the teenage years, which is why most delinquency occurs during adolescence.

Question 7

Which perspective argues that criminal propensities are established early in childhood?

Accepted Answer

A)  Self-control theory. 
B)  Social bonding theory. 
C)  Techniques of neutralization. 
D)  Outer containment. 
A)  Self-control theory. 
B)  Social bonding theory. 
C)  Techniques of neutralization. 
D)  Outer containment.

Question 8

In contrast to other theories, what question do control theories seek to answer?

Accepted Answer

A)  Why are criminals mentally ill and in need of control? 
B)  Why do people commit crimes? 
C)  Why are most criminals located in inner-city neighborhoods? 
D)  Why don't people commit crime? 
A)  Why are criminals mentally ill and in need of control? 
B)  Why do people commit crimes? 
C)  Why are most criminals located in inner-city neighborhoods? 
D)  Why don't people commit crime?

Question 9

Which of the following is true about the theory of techniques of neutralization?

Accepted Answer

A)  Delinquent youths become so enmeshed in a criminal value system that they ignore prosocial values. 
B)  Delinquent youths remained committed to a prosocial value system, but qualify their violations as acceptable in certain circumstances. 
C)  Delinquent youths rarely express remorse, guilt, or shame. 
D)  Youths who are delinquent lack any prosocial attachments. 
A)  Delinquent youths become so enmeshed in a criminal value system that they ignore prosocial values. 
B)  Delinquent youths remained committed to a prosocial value system, but qualify their violations as acceptable in certain circumstances. 
C)  Delinquent youths rarely express remorse, guilt, or shame. 
D)  Youths who are delinquent lack any prosocial attachments.

Question 10

"Mary did not steal the money because she was a straight-A student and has a bright future ahead of herself. If she broke the law, she might lose everything she had worked for." Which theory would best describe this statement?

Accepted Answer

A)  Techniques of neutralization. 
B)  Social bond theory. 
C)  Self-control theory. 
D)  Differential association theory. 
A)  Techniques of neutralization. 
B)  Social bond theory. 
C)  Self-control theory. 
D)  Differential association theory.

Question 11

According to Gottfredson and Hirschi, which of the following is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Crime is ubiquitous. 
B)  Criminality is ubiquitous. 
C)  Outer containment is ubiquitous. 
D)  Opportunity for crime is ubiquitous. 
A)  Crime is ubiquitous. 
B)  Criminality is ubiquitous. 
C)  Outer containment is ubiquitous. 
D)  Opportunity for crime is ubiquitous.

Question 12

"Idle hands are the devil's workshop" is an idea most consistent with which of Hirschi's elements of the social bond?

Accepted Answer

A)  Attachment. 
B)  Belief. 
C)  Involvement. 
D)  Containment. 
A)  Attachment. 
B)  Belief. 
C)  Involvement. 
D)  Containment.

Question 13

The idea that different social bonds affect people at different stages of life is most consistent with which theorist(s)?

Accepted Answer

A)  Hirschi. 
B)  Gottfredson and Hirschi. 
C)  Sampson and Laub. 
D)  Sykes and Matza. 
A)  Hirschi. 
B)  Gottfredson and Hirschi. 
C)  Sampson and Laub. 
D)  Sykes and Matza.

Question 14

According to Sykes and Matza, techniques of neutralization help us understand an individual's

Accepted Answer

A)  Differential associations. 
B)  Drift into delinquency without fully embracing delinquent values. 
C)  Low self-control throughout the life course. 
D)  Social bonding to conventional others. 
A)  Differential associations. 
B)  Drift into delinquency without fully embracing delinquent values. 
C)  Low self-control throughout the life course. 
D)  Social bonding to conventional others.

Question 15

If an individual justifies his or her delinquent actions by saying he or she acted because of circumstances beyond control, what technique of neutralization has the individual used?

Accepted Answer

A)  Denial of responsibility. 
B)  Denial of injury. 
C)  Denial of the victim. 
D)  Appeal to higher loyalties. 
A)  Denial of responsibility. 
B)  Denial of injury. 
C)  Denial of the victim. 
D)  Appeal to higher loyalties.

Question 16

Which technique of neutralization would apply to this statement: "It's okay to 'rip off' (copy) computer software because Microsoft is so rich that it will never miss the money if I don't pay for their software"?

Accepted Answer

A)  Denial of responsibility. 
B)  Denial of injury. 
C)  Denial of the victim. 
D)  Condemnation of the condemners. 
A)  Denial of responsibility. 
B)  Denial of injury. 
C)  Denial of the victim. 
D)  Condemnation of the condemners.

Question 17

Identify and describe each of the five techniques of neutralization. Also, give two examples of each technique. What role do the techniques play in criminal behavior, according to Sykes and Matza?

Accepted Answer

The five techniques of neutralization ar

Question 18

Explain each of the four elements of the social bond, according to Hirschi. Also, explain how these bonds affect crime/delinquency.

Accepted Answer

Hirschi's social bond theory proposes th

Question 19

Matza argues that youths do not continually commit delinquent acts. Discuss what factors are needed for a juvenile to engage in crime and the role of drift.

Accepted Answer

Matza argues that youths do not continua

Question 20

According to Gottfredson and Hirschi,

Accepted Answer

A)  The willingness to commit crime is learned in childhood from hanging around with "bad" or troubled kids in the neighborhood. 
B)  People who commit crime are also likely to use drugs and alcohol, smoke, get into accidents, and become physically ill. 
C)  Most offenders specialize or become experts in one type of crime (e.g., burglary). 
D)  Criminal behavior first surfaces in adolescence because it is during this turbulent developmental period that self-control breaks down. 
A)  The willingness to commit crime is learned in childhood from hanging around with "bad" or troubled kids in the neighborhood. 
B)  People who commit crime are also likely to use drugs and alcohol, smoke, get into accidents, and become physically ill. 
C)  Most offenders specialize or become experts in one type of crime (e.g., burglary). 
D)  Criminal behavior first surfaces in adolescence because it is during this turbulent developmental period that self-control breaks down.

According to A General Theory of Crime, a criminal predisposition is

Which of the following is true about control theories?

Why did Walter Reckless believe that there were "good boys in bad neighborhoods?"

If an individual justifies his or her delinquent actions by saying he or she acted on the demands of peer groups, what technique of neutralization has the individual used?

Hirschi was instrumental in both social bonding theory and self-control theory. Many critics have suggested that Hirschi contradicts himself in these two theories. Do you agree? Explain your position.

Which of the following statements about Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory is true?

Which perspective argues that criminal propensities are established early in childhood?

In contrast to other theories, what question do control theories seek to answer?

Which of the following is true about the theory of techniques of neutralization?

"Mary did not steal the money because she was a straight-A student and has a bright future ahead of herself. If she broke the law, she might lose everything she had worked for." Which theory would best describe this statement?

According to Gottfredson and Hirschi, which of the following is true?

"Idle hands are the devil's workshop" is an idea most consistent with which of Hirschi's elements of the social bond?

The idea that different social bonds affect people at different stages of life is most consistent with which theorist(s)?

According to Sykes and Matza, techniques of neutralization help us understand an individual's

If an individual justifies his or her delinquent actions by saying he or she acted because of circumstances beyond control, what technique of neutralization has the individual used?

Which technique of neutralization would apply to this statement: "It's okay to 'rip off' (copy) computer software because Microsoft is so rich that it will never miss the money if I don't pay for their software"?

Identify and describe each of the five techniques of neutralization. Also, give two examples of each technique. What role do the techniques play in criminal behavior, according to Sykes and Matza?

Explain each of the four elements of the social bond, according to Hirschi. Also, explain how these bonds affect crime/delinquency.

Matza argues that youths do not continually commit delinquent acts. Discuss what factors are needed for a juvenile to engage in crime and the role of drift.

According to Gottfredson and Hirschi,

The Origins of Modern Criminology

The Chicago School: The City, Social Disorganization, and Crime

Learning to Be a Criminal: Differential Association, Subcultural, and Social Learning Theories

Anomiestrain Theories of Crime

Labeling Theory: Societal Reaction and the Creation of Criminals

Critical Criminology: Power, Peace, and Crime

Feminist Theories: Gender, Power, and Crime

Theories of White-Collar Crime

Reviving Classical Theory: Deterrence and Rational Choice Theories

Environmental Criminology

Growing up Criminal: Trait and Biological Theories of Crime

Getting Into and Out of Crime: Life-Course Theories

Positive Criminology

How Black Lives Matter: Theoretical Developments

Putting It All Together: Integrated Theories of Crime

Putting Theory to Work: Guiding Crime Control Policy

Filters

Exam 5: Varieties of Control Theory

According to A General Theory of Crime, a criminal predisposition is

Which of the following is true about control theories?

Why did Walter Reckless believe that there were "good boys in bad neighborhoods?"

If an individual justifies his or her delinquent actions by saying he or she acted on the demands of peer groups, what technique of neutralization has the individual used?

Hirschi was instrumental in both social bonding theory and self-control theory. Many critics have suggested that Hirschi contradicts himself in these two theories. Do you agree? Explain your position.

Which of the following statements about Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory is true?

Which perspective argues that criminal propensities are established early in childhood?

In contrast to other theories, what question do control theories seek to answer?

Which of the following is true about the theory of techniques of neutralization?

"Mary did not steal the money because she was a straight-A student and has a bright future ahead of herself. If she broke the law, she might lose everything she had worked for." Which theory would best describe this statement?

According to Gottfredson and Hirschi, which of the following is true?

"Idle hands are the devil's workshop" is an idea most consistent with which of Hirschi's elements of the social bond?

The idea that different social bonds affect people at different stages of life is most consistent with which theorist(s)?

According to Sykes and Matza, techniques of neutralization help us understand an individual's

If an individual justifies his or her delinquent actions by saying he or she acted because of circumstances beyond control, what technique of neutralization has the individual used?

Which technique of neutralization would apply to this statement: "It's okay to 'rip off' (copy) computer software because Microsoft is so rich that it will never miss the money if I don't pay for their software"?

Identify and describe each of the five techniques of neutralization. Also, give two examples of each technique. What role do the techniques play in criminal behavior, according to Sykes and Matza?

Explain each of the four elements of the social bond, according to Hirschi. Also, explain how these bonds affect crime/delinquency.

Matza argues that youths do not continually commit delinquent acts. Discuss what factors are needed for a juvenile to engage in crime and the role of drift.

According to Gottfredson and Hirschi,

The Origins of Modern Criminology

The Chicago School: The City, Social Disorganization, and Crime

Learning to Be a Criminal: Differential Association, Subcultural, and Social Learning Theories

Anomiestrain Theories of Crime

Labeling Theory: Societal Reaction and the Creation of Criminals

Critical Criminology: Power, Peace, and Crime

Feminist Theories: Gender, Power, and Crime

Theories of White-Collar Crime

Reviving Classical Theory: Deterrence and Rational Choice Theories

Environmental Criminology

Growing up Criminal: Trait and Biological Theories of Crime

Getting Into and Out of Crime: Life-Course Theories

Positive Criminology

How Black Lives Matter: Theoretical Developments

Putting It All Together: Integrated Theories of Crime

Putting Theory to Work: Guiding Crime Control Policy

Filters