Question 1

When we consider categorical variables, if the categories have no order, we term them _____, whereas if the categories have an order, we term them _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  ordinal : nominal 
B)  nominal : ordinal 
C)  random : sequential 
D)  sequential : random 
A)  ordinal : nominal 
B)  nominal : ordinal 
C)  random : sequential 
D)  sequential : random B

Question 2

Imagine there is a forest with 2000 trees, and we want to know the average height. Which of the following is the best procedure to generate an unbiased sample of size 50?

Accepted Answer

A)  Measure all the heights and then choose the 50 with the heights closest to the average. 
B)  Measure the 50 trees closest to the center of the forest. 
C)  Number all the tree, randomly generate 50 numbers between 1 and 2000, and measure those trees. 
D)  Number all the trees, then starting with the first tree, measure each 2000/50 = 40th tree. 
A)  Measure all the heights and then choose the 50 with the heights closest to the average. 
B)  Measure the 50 trees closest to the center of the forest. 
C)  Number all the tree, randomly generate 50 numbers between 1 and 2000, and measure those trees. 
D)  Number all the trees, then starting with the first tree, measure each 2000/50 = 40th tree. C

Question 3

Describe what explanatory and response variables are and why these terms are superior to the more traditional terms independent and dependent.

Accepted Answer

Explanatory and response variables are terms used in statistical analysis to describe the relationship between two or more variables. The explanatory variable is the variable that is believed to have an effect on the response variable, while the response variable is the variable that is believed to be influenced by the explanatory variable.

These terms are superior to the more traditional terms independent and dependent because they do not imply a causal relationship. The terms independent and dependent can suggest that one variable causes the other, which may not always be the case. In contrast, the terms explanatory and response are more neutral and do not imply causation, allowing for a more accurate and nuanced understanding of the relationship between variables.

Additionally, the terms explanatory and response better reflect the complexity of real-world relationships between variables. In many cases, variables may influence each other in a reciprocal or bidirectional manner, making it difficult to categorize one as independent and the other as dependent. Using the terms explanatory and response allows for a more flexible and comprehensive understanding of these relationships.

Overall, the terms explanatory and response variables are superior to independent and dependent because they provide a more accurate and nuanced description of the relationship between variables, without implying a causal relationship or oversimplifying the complexity of real-world interactions.

Question 4

The phrase "correlation does not imply causation" is often used to dismiss observed correlations. Explain why this dismissal is not the best approach.

Accepted Answer

The phrase "correlation does not imply c

Question 5

When subjects in studies are randomly assigned to treatment groups, we call this a(n) _____ study, whereas if the subjects are in treatment groups for some other reasons, we call this a(n) _____ study.

Accepted Answer

A)  case-control : cohort 
B)  cohort : case-control 
C)  experimental : observational 
D)  observational : experimental 
A)  case-control : cohort 
B)  cohort : case-control 
C)  experimental : observational 
D)  observational : experimental

Question 6

Magpies are a type of bird that collects colored objects for their nests. Consider the data shown depicting a total of 18 observations of variously colored objects found in a magpie nest.
​
   ​
What are the absolute and relative frequencies of each color?
Blue:
Green:
Yellow:
Orange:
Red:
Purple:
Black:
White:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Magpies are a type of bird that...

Question 7

When considering the deviation between calculated statistics and the true parameter, how consistently the statistics generate similar values is referred to as defining their ______ , whereas how close the statistics are to the true parameter defines their ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  accuracy : precision 
B)  precision : accuracy 
C)  robustness : quality 
D)  quality : robustness 
A)  accuracy : precision 
B)  precision : accuracy 
C)  robustness : quality 
D)  quality : robustness

Question 8

Consider the figure showing the final position of balls dropped that had been aimed at the indentation. Which of the plots shows the situation best described as good accuracy, good precision?

Accepted Answer

A)  Plot A 
B)  Plot B 
C)  Plot C 
D)  Plot D 
A)  Plot A 
B)  Plot B 
C)  Plot C 
D)  Plot D

Question 9

Consider the figure showing the final position of balls dropped that had been aimed at the indentation. Which of the plots shows the situation best described as poor accuracy, poor precision?

Accepted Answer

A)  Plot A 
B)  Plot B 
C)  Plot C 
D)  Plot D 
A)  Plot A 
B)  Plot B 
C)  Plot C 
D)  Plot D

Question 10

Which of the following is the best definition of estimation?

Accepted Answer

A)  Increasing a sample yields better data. 
B)  Predicting a measured value before the measurements begin. 
C)  The process of rounding values to specific degrees of accuracy. 
D)  Using sample data to infer population data. 
A)  Increasing a sample yields better data. 
B)  Predicting a measured value before the measurements begin. 
C)  The process of rounding values to specific degrees of accuracy. 
D)  Using sample data to infer population data.

Question 11

For the data set: 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5, 5, 5
Which of the following is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  The absolute frequency of "4" is 1, and the relative frequency of "1" is 3. 
B)  The absolute frequency of "4" is 1, and the relative frequency of "1" is 0.3. 
C)  The absolute frequency of "4" is 0.1, and the relative frequency of "1" is 3. 
D)  The absolute frequency of "4" is 0.1, and the relative frequency of "1" is 0.3. 
A)  The absolute frequency of "4" is 1, and the relative frequency of "1" is 3. 
B)  The absolute frequency of "4" is 1, and the relative frequency of "1" is 0.3. 
C)  The absolute frequency of "4" is 0.1, and the relative frequency of "1" is 3. 
D)  The absolute frequency of "4" is 0.1, and the relative frequency of "1" is 0.3.

Question 12

Define the two major types of variables and identify and describe two important subsets within each of these two broad categories.

Accepted Answer

The two major types of variables are ind

Question 13

Ideal samples are unbiased; which of the following terms is a synonym for unbiased in this context?

Accepted Answer

A)  Accurate 
B)  Centered 
C)  Precise 
D)  Proportional 
A)  Accurate 
B)  Centered 
C)  Precise 
D)  Proportional

Question 14

The most important probability distribution in statistics looks like a "bell curve" and is called the _____ distribution.

Accepted Answer

A)  Control 
B)  Normal 
C)  Proportional 
D)  Symmetric 
A)  Control 
B)  Normal 
C)  Proportional 
D)  Symmetric

Question 15

Which of the following is the best description of our approach to statistics?

Accepted Answer

A)  We calculate statistics to look for mathematical relationships between samples and
populations. 
B)  We perform mathematical operations with data values in order to compare the values in
samples to the values in populations. 
C)  We take samples from populations in order to calculate parameters, which we can then use
to predict the statistics of the population. 
D)  We want to know about a population but can't measure everything, so we use data from
a subset to infer what is probable for the population. 
A)  We calculate statistics to look for mathematical relationships between samples and
populations. 
B)  We perform mathematical operations with data values in order to compare the values in
samples to the values in populations. 
C)  We take samples from populations in order to calculate parameters, which we can then use
to predict the statistics of the population. 
D)  We want to know about a population but can't measure everything, so we use data from
a subset to infer what is probable for the population.

Question 16

Variables that describe membership in certain qualitative categories or groups are termed which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  Categorical 
B)  Numerical 
C)  Non-quantitative 
D)  Separable 
A)  Categorical 
B)  Numerical 
C)  Non-quantitative 
D)  Separable

Question 17

For the data set: 1, 3, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 8, 8, 9
Which of the following is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  The absolute frequency of "6" is 0.2, and the relative frequency of "7" is 0.3. 
B)  The absolute frequency of "6" is 0.2, and the relative frequency of "7" is 3. 
C)  The absolute frequency of "6" is 2, and the relative frequency of "7" is 0.3. 
D)  The absolute frequency of "6" is 2, and the relative frequency of "7" is 3. 
A)  The absolute frequency of "6" is 0.2, and the relative frequency of "7" is 0.3. 
B)  The absolute frequency of "6" is 0.2, and the relative frequency of "7" is 3. 
C)  The absolute frequency of "6" is 2, and the relative frequency of "7" is 0.3. 
D)  The absolute frequency of "6" is 2, and the relative frequency of "7" is 3.

Question 18

Which best describes the use of statistics to understand reality?

Accepted Answer

A)  We use data from a sample and concepts from statistics to make estimates about populations. 
B)  We use data from a population and concepts from statistics to make estimates about samples. 
C)  We use data to compare samples to populations. 
D)  We use concepts from statistics to improve our estimates of sample characteristics. 
A)  We use data from a sample and concepts from statistics to make estimates about populations. 
B)  We use data from a population and concepts from statistics to make estimates about samples. 
C)  We use data to compare samples to populations. 
D)  We use concepts from statistics to improve our estimates of sample characteristics.

Question 19

Which of the following is a valid statistical hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

A) The mean blood pressure of a population of people taking an experimental drug is higher than the mean for a population of those who don't. 
B) The mean temperature of a sample of patients administered ice packs is lower than the mean of a sample given a blanket. 
C) The range of height values for wild giraffes is larger than the range of heights for giraffes in captivity. 
D) Colonies of E. Coli exposed to high salt levels reproduce more slowly than ones exposed to low salt levels. 
A) The mean blood pressure of a population of people taking an experimental drug is higher than the mean for a population of those who don't. 
B) The mean temperature of a sample of patients administered ice packs is lower than the mean of a sample given a blanket. 
C) The range of height values for wild giraffes is larger than the range of heights for giraffes in captivity. 
D) Colonies of E. Coli exposed to high salt levels reproduce more slowly than ones exposed to low salt levels.

Question 20

Compare and contrast the following four terms: sample, statistic, parameter, and population.

Accepted Answer

Sample, statistic, parameter, and popula

When we consider categorical variables, if the categories have no order, we term them _, whereas if the categories have an order, we term them _.

Imagine there is a forest with 2000 trees, and we want to know the average height. Which of the following is the best procedure to generate an unbiased sample of size 50?

Describe what explanatory and response variables are and why these terms are superior to the more traditional terms independent and dependent.

The phrase "correlation does not imply causation" is often used to dismiss observed correlations. Explain why this dismissal is not the best approach.

When subjects in studies are randomly assigned to treatment groups, we call this a(n) _ study, whereas if the subjects are in treatment groups for some other reasons, we call this a(n) _ study.

When considering the deviation between calculated statistics and the true parameter, how consistently the statistics generate similar values is referred to as defining their , whereas how close the statistics are to the true parameter defines their .

Consider the figure showing the final position of balls dropped that had been aimed at the indentation. Which of the plots shows the situation best described as good accuracy, good precision?

Consider the figure showing the final position of balls dropped that had been aimed at the indentation. Which of the plots shows the situation best described as poor accuracy, poor precision?

Which of the following is the best definition of estimation?

For the data set: 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5, 5, 5 Which of the following is true?

Define the two major types of variables and identify and describe two important subsets within each of these two broad categories.

Ideal samples are unbiased; which of the following terms is a synonym for unbiased in this context?

The most important probability distribution in statistics looks like a "bell curve" and is called the _____ distribution.

Which of the following is the best description of our approach to statistics?

Variables that describe membership in certain qualitative categories or groups are termed which of the following?

For the data set: 1, 3, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 8, 8, 9 Which of the following is true?

Which best describes the use of statistics to understand reality?

Which of the following is a valid statistical hypothesis?

Compare and contrast the following four terms: sample, statistic, parameter, and population.

Displaying Data

Describing Data

Estimating With Uncertainty

Probability

Hypothesis Testing

Analyzing Proportions

Fitting Probability Models to Frequency Data

Contingency Analysis: Associations Between

The Normal Distribution

Inference for a Normal Population

Comparing Two Means

Handling Violations of Assumptions

Designing Experiments

Comparing Means of More Than Two Groups

Correlation Between Numerical Variables

Regression

Multiple Explanatory Variables

Computer-Intensive Methods

Likelihood

Meta-Analysis: Combining Information From

Filters

Exam 1: Statistics and Samples

When we consider categorical variables, if the categories have no order, we term them _____, whereas if the categories have an order, we term them _____.

Imagine there is a forest with 2000 trees, and we want to know the average height. Which of the following is the best procedure to generate an unbiased sample of size 50?

Describe what explanatory and response variables are and why these terms are superior to the more traditional terms independent and dependent.

The phrase "correlation does not imply causation" is often used to dismiss observed correlations. Explain why this dismissal is not the best approach.

When subjects in studies are randomly assigned to treatment groups, we call this a(n) _____ study, whereas if the subjects are in treatment groups for some other reasons, we call this a(n) _____ study.

When considering the deviation between calculated statistics and the true parameter, how consistently the statistics generate similar values is referred to as defining their ______ , whereas how close the statistics are to the true parameter defines their ______.

Consider the figure showing the final position of balls dropped that had been aimed at the indentation. Which of the plots shows the situation best described as good accuracy, good precision?

Consider the figure showing the final position of balls dropped that had been aimed at the indentation. Which of the plots shows the situation best described as poor accuracy, poor precision?

Which of the following is the best definition of estimation?

For the data set: 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5, 5, 5 Which of the following is true?

Define the two major types of variables and identify and describe two important subsets within each of these two broad categories.

Ideal samples are unbiased; which of the following terms is a synonym for unbiased in this context?

The most important probability distribution in statistics looks like a "bell curve" and is called the _____ distribution.

Which of the following is the best description of our approach to statistics?

Variables that describe membership in certain qualitative categories or groups are termed which of the following?

For the data set: 1, 3, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 8, 8, 9 Which of the following is true?

Which best describes the use of statistics to understand reality?

Which of the following is a valid statistical hypothesis?

Compare and contrast the following four terms: sample, statistic, parameter, and population.

Displaying Data

Describing Data

Estimating With Uncertainty

Probability

Hypothesis Testing

Analyzing Proportions

Fitting Probability Models to Frequency Data

Contingency Analysis: Associations Between

The Normal Distribution

Inference for a Normal Population

Comparing Two Means

Handling Violations of Assumptions

Designing Experiments

Comparing Means of More Than Two Groups

Correlation Between Numerical Variables

Regression

Multiple Explanatory Variables

Computer-Intensive Methods

Likelihood

Meta-Analysis: Combining Information From

Filters

When we consider categorical variables, if the categories have no order, we term them _, whereas if the categories have an order, we term them _.

When subjects in studies are randomly assigned to treatment groups, we call this a(n) _ study, whereas if the subjects are in treatment groups for some other reasons, we call this a(n) _ study.

When considering the deviation between calculated statistics and the true parameter, how consistently the statistics generate similar values is referred to as defining their , whereas how close the statistics are to the true parameter defines their .