Question 1

Endotoxins are

Accepted Answer

A)  the LPS in the cell walls of all Gram-negative bacteria 
B)  proteins that cause production of interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in phagocytic leukocytes 
C)  proteins that damage tissues to which they attach 
D)  not pyrogenic 
A)  the LPS in the cell walls of all Gram-negative bacteria 
B)  proteins that cause production of interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in phagocytic leukocytes 
C)  proteins that damage tissues to which they attach 
D)  not pyrogenic

Question 2

A pathogen that inhibits leukocyte function as shown in the illustration is

Accepted Answer

A)  Staphylococcus aureus 
B)  Streptococcus pneumoniae 
C)  Mycobacterium tuberculosis 
D)  Listeria monocytogenes 
A)  Staphylococcus aureus 
B)  Streptococcus pneumoniae 
C)  Mycobacterium tuberculosis 
D)  Listeria monocytogenes

Question 3

Immunopathy has been defined as an abnormal immune response that will then cause a disease. It is initiated by some pathogens including: (Select all that apply)

Accepted Answer

A)  Staphylococcus aureus when it produces TSS toxin resulting in Toxic Shock Syndrome with a life-threatening drop in blood pressure. 
B)  Epstein-Barr Virus when it causes cytotoxic T cells to attack infected B cells resulting cytokine release that causes mononucleosis. 
C)  Escherichia coli O157:H7 when it produces coagulase which causes Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome. 
D)  Closteroides difficile when it produces collagenase and hyaluronidase which leads to gas gangrene 
A)  Staphylococcus aureus when it produces TSS toxin resulting in Toxic Shock Syndrome with a life-threatening drop in blood pressure. 
B)  Epstein-Barr Virus when it causes cytotoxic T cells to attack infected B cells resulting cytokine release that causes mononucleosis. 
C)  Escherichia coli O157:H7 when it produces coagulase which causes Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome. 
D)  Closteroides difficile when it produces collagenase and hyaluronidase which leads to gas gangrene

Question 4

Neurotoxin causing a paralytic disease

Accepted Answer

A)  TSS 
B)  Hemolysin 
C)  Botulinum toxin 
D)  Verotoxin 
A)  TSS 
B)  Hemolysin 
C)  Botulinum toxin 
D)  Verotoxin

Question 5

TORCH stands for the pathogens that can cross the placental barrier during development and cause disease in the developing fetus. Which of the following is part of TORCH?

Accepted Answer

A)  Toxoplasma gondii 
B)  Hepatitis, chickenpox, syphilis 
C)  Rubeola 
D)  Cytomegalovirus 
A)  Toxoplasma gondii 
B)  Hepatitis, chickenpox, syphilis 
C)  Rubeola 
D)  Cytomegalovirus

Question 6

What are 3 general categories of reservoirs?

Accepted Answer

A)  humans, other animals, and environmental sources 
B)  humans, other animals and inanimate objects 
C)  humans, inanimate objects and environmental sources 
D)  humans, environmental sources, and zoonoses 
A)  humans, other animals, and environmental sources 
B)  humans, other animals and inanimate objects 
C)  humans, inanimate objects and environmental sources 
D)  humans, environmental sources, and zoonoses

Question 7

very small droplets that can travel about 1 meter

Accepted Answer

A)  Direct contact 
B)  Indirect contact 
C)  Droplet transmission 
D)  Common vehicle transmission 
A)  Direct contact 
B)  Indirect contact 
C)  Droplet transmission 
D)  Common vehicle transmission

Question 8

Pathogenic microbes can directly damage host cells by a variety of methods. Which of the following are intracellular parasites of host cells able to reproduce inside them and killing the host cell in the process? (Select all that apply)

Accepted Answer

A)  viruses using lysogenic cycle 
B)  Chlamydia and Rickettsia are obligate intracellular pathogenic bacteria 
C)  Yersinia pestis and Bacillus anthracis replicate inside leukocytes and are transported to lymph nodes 
D)  Staphylococcus aureus replication inside erythrocytes 
A)  viruses using lysogenic cycle 
B)  Chlamydia and Rickettsia are obligate intracellular pathogenic bacteria 
C)  Yersinia pestis and Bacillus anthracis replicate inside leukocytes and are transported to lymph nodes 
D)  Staphylococcus aureus replication inside erythrocytes

Question 9

How does antigenic drift explain the need to get a new flu vaccine every year? (Select all that apply)

Accepted Answer

A)  antigenic drift is the process in which the primary viral antigens like H and N proteins slowly accumulate mutations 
B)  H and N mutations become so numerous that the resulting proteins cannot be recognized by previously produced antibodies 
C)  the current vaccine which was developed using the last year's viruses stimulates production of IgG antibodies that will recognize most H and N proteins but a booster is needed to keep IgG levels elevated 
D)  the current vaccine which was developed using the last year's viruses stimulates production of specific IgG antibodies that will no longer recognize the H and N proteins on the virus 
A)  antigenic drift is the process in which the primary viral antigens like H and N proteins slowly accumulate mutations 
B)  H and N mutations become so numerous that the resulting proteins cannot be recognized by previously produced antibodies 
C)  the current vaccine which was developed using the last year's viruses stimulates production of IgG antibodies that will recognize most H and N proteins but a booster is needed to keep IgG levels elevated 
D)  the current vaccine which was developed using the last year's viruses stimulates production of specific IgG antibodies that will no longer recognize the H and N proteins on the virus

Question 10

There is an inverse ratio between infectious dose (ID50) of a microbe and its virulence. Which of the following statements is correct?

Accepted Answer

A)  As ID50 rises so does the microbe's virulence. 
B)  As ID50 decreases so does the microbe's virulence. 
C)  As ID50 decreases, the microbe's virulence increases 
D)  ID50 is unrelated to virulence. 
A)  As ID50 rises so does the microbe's virulence. 
B)  As ID50 decreases so does the microbe's virulence. 
C)  As ID50 decreases, the microbe's virulence increases 
D)  ID50 is unrelated to virulence.

Question 11

A pathogen that inhibits the immune system at the site marked X is

Accepted Answer

A)  Measles virus 
B)  Epstein Barr virus 
C)  HIV 
D)  Meningitis-causing bacteria 
A)  Measles virus 
B)  Epstein Barr virus 
C)  HIV 
D)  Meningitis-causing bacteria

Question 12

The type of transmission that involves a fomite as an intermediate between reservoir and host

Accepted Answer

A)  Direct contact 
B)  Indirect contact 
C)  Droplet transmission 
D)  Common vehicle transmission 
A)  Direct contact 
B)  Indirect contact 
C)  Droplet transmission 
D)  Common vehicle transmission

Question 13

The development of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) may occur when (Select all that apply)

Accepted Answer

A)  TNF makes capillaries more permeable and increases plasma leaking out of blood vessels. 
B)  Lung tissues becomes inflamed as a result of fluid accumulation. 
C)  Accumulation of excess fluid in the lungs impedes intake of oxygen leading to ARDS 
D)  Large numbers of gram negative bacteria in the blood cause the release of large amounts of TNF that can damage capillaries causing Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DI
C) . 
A)  TNF makes capillaries more permeable and increases plasma leaking out of blood vessels. 
B)  Lung tissues becomes inflamed as a result of fluid accumulation. 
C)  Accumulation of excess fluid in the lungs impedes intake of oxygen leading to ARDS 
D)  Large numbers of gram negative bacteria in the blood cause the release of large amounts of TNF that can damage capillaries causing Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DI
C) .

Question 14

Which of the following statements about air as an example of common vehicle transmission is true? (Select all that apply)

Accepted Answer

A)  air transmission of microbes can occur via droplets capable of remaining airborne for some period of time 
B)  microbes suspended in droplet nuclei are very large and therefore do not easily enter the lungs 
C)  microbes carried in the air are quite contagious because they can travel for more than 1 meter 
D)  serving as human reservoirs, infected individuals can spread contagious microbes like tuberculosis and whooping cough via droplets in the air 
A)  air transmission of microbes can occur via droplets capable of remaining airborne for some period of time 
B)  microbes suspended in droplet nuclei are very large and therefore do not easily enter the lungs 
C)  microbes carried in the air are quite contagious because they can travel for more than 1 meter 
D)  serving as human reservoirs, infected individuals can spread contagious microbes like tuberculosis and whooping cough via droplets in the air

Question 15

An example of a pathogen that avoids host defenses as shown is

Accepted Answer

A)  Rhinovirus 
B)  Chlamydia trachomatis 
C)  Mycobacterium tuberculosis 
D)  Neisseria meningitidis 
A)  Rhinovirus 
B)  Chlamydia trachomatis 
C)  Mycobacterium tuberculosis 
D)  Neisseria meningitidis

Question 16

Lipase

Accepted Answer

A)  Converts fibrinogen to fibrin, causing blood clot formation 
B)  Damages connective tissue by degrading collagen, a key fiber 
C)  Damages connective tissues by degrading hyaluronic acid 
D)  Damages adipose tissues by degrading fats 
A)  Converts fibrinogen to fibrin, causing blood clot formation 
B)  Damages connective tissue by degrading collagen, a key fiber 
C)  Damages connective tissues by degrading hyaluronic acid 
D)  Damages adipose tissues by degrading fats

Question 17

A pathogen that inhibits leukocyte function as shown in the illustration is

Accepted Answer

A)  Staphylococcus aureus 
B)  Streptococcus pneumoniae 
C)  Mycobacterium tuberculosis 
D)  Listeria monocytogenes 
A)  Staphylococcus aureus 
B)  Streptococcus pneumoniae 
C)  Mycobacterium tuberculosis 
D)  Listeria monocytogenes

Question 18

A pathogen that inhibits leukocyte function as shown in the illustration is

Accepted Answer

A)  Staphylococcus aureus 
B)  Streptococcus pneumoniae 
C)  Mycobacterium tuberculosis 
D)  Listeria monocytogenes 
A)  Staphylococcus aureus 
B)  Streptococcus pneumoniae 
C)  Mycobacterium tuberculosis 
D)  Listeria monocytogenes

Question 19

The illustration describes

Accepted Answer

A)  Antigenic drift 
B)  Antigenic shift 
C)  Programmed gene switching 
D)  Genetic transposition 
A)  Antigenic drift 
B)  Antigenic shift 
C)  Programmed gene switching 
D)  Genetic transposition

Question 20

Sheep's Blood Agar (SBA) is a differential medium that helps identify Gram-positive bacteria based on their ability to use blood cells as a food source. Match the bacterium with the type of hemolysis it demonstrates:
Streptococcus pyogenes

Accepted Answer

A)  alpha hemolysis 
B)  gamma hemolysis 
C)  beta-hemolysis 
D)  delta-hemolysis 
A)  alpha hemolysis 
B)  gamma hemolysis 
C)  beta-hemolysis 
D)  delta-hemolysis

Exam 16: Microbial Pathogenesis

Endotoxins are

A pathogen that inhibits leukocyte function as shown in the illustration is

Immunopathy has been defined as an abnormal immune response that will then cause a disease. It is initiated by some pathogens including: (Select all that apply)

Neurotoxin causing a paralytic disease

TORCH stands for the pathogens that can cross the placental barrier during development and cause disease in the developing fetus. Which of the following is part of TORCH?

What are 3 general categories of reservoirs?

very small droplets that can travel about 1 meter

Pathogenic microbes can directly damage host cells by a variety of methods. Which of the following are intracellular parasites of host cells able to reproduce inside them and killing the host cell in the process? (Select all that apply)

How does antigenic drift explain the need to get a new flu vaccine every year? (Select all that apply)

There is an inverse ratio between infectious dose (ID50) of a microbe and its virulence. Which of the following statements is correct?

A pathogen that inhibits the immune system at the site marked X is

The type of transmission that involves a fomite as an intermediate between reservoir and host

The development of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) may occur when (Select all that apply)

Which of the following statements about air as an example of common vehicle transmission is true? (Select all that apply)

An example of a pathogen that avoids host defenses as shown is

Lipase

A pathogen that inhibits leukocyte function as shown in the illustration is

A pathogen that inhibits leukocyte function as shown in the illustration is

The illustration describes

Sheep's Blood Agar (SBA) is a differential medium that helps identify Gram-positive bacteria based on their ability to use blood cells as a food source. Match the bacterium with the type of hemolysis it demonstrates: Streptococcus pyogenes

Microbial World

An Introduction to the Chemical Basis of Life

The Biochemistry of Macromolecules

Microscopy

Prokaryote Organisms

Eukaryotic Cells

Eukaryotic Organisms

Viruses and Infectious Particles

Metabolism

Microbial Genetics and Genetic Engineering

Microbial Growth and Control

Antimicrobial Agents

Innate Immunity

Adaptive Immunity

Vaccination, Immunoassays, and Immune Disorders

Epidemiology and Infection Control

Diseases of the Respiratory System

Diseases of the Skin and Eyes

Diseases of the Gastrointestinal System

Diseases of the Urogenital System

Diseases of the Nervous System

Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

Environmental and Industrial Microbiology

Filters

There is an inverse ratio between infectious dose (ID₅₀) of a microbe and its virulence. Which of the following statements is correct?