Question 1

Which of the following is NOT true regarding acid-sensing in the body?

Accepted Answer

A)  carbon dioxide build-up in the body leads to decreased pH 
B)  acids in tissues lead to sensations of pain 
C)  signals sensed by acid-sensing mechanisms can modulate breathing rates in organisms 
D)  only acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) sense decreases in pH 
A)  carbon dioxide build-up in the body leads to decreased pH 
B)  acids in tissues lead to sensations of pain 
C)  signals sensed by acid-sensing mechanisms can modulate breathing rates in organisms 
D)  only acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) sense decreases in pH D

Question 2

Construct an argument that the ability to discriminate different tastes is evolutionarily advantageous. In your answer, choose 3 examples from the reading of how differences in tasting between species illustrates an adaptation to an evolutionary niche.

Accepted Answer

The ability to discriminate different tastes is evolutionarily advantageous because it allows organisms to make informed decisions about what to eat, which can directly impact their survival and reproductive success.

One example of this is the ability of some species, such as humans and other primates, to taste bitterness. Bitterness is often associated with toxic compounds, so the ability to detect and avoid bitter-tasting substances can help prevent poisoning and ensure the consumption of safe and nutritious foods.

Another example is the preference for sweet tastes in many species, including humans. Sweetness is often associated with energy-rich foods, such as fruits and nectar, which can provide a valuable source of calories for survival and reproduction.

Additionally, the ability of some species, such as cats, to taste and prefer meaty or savory flavors can be seen as an adaptation to their carnivorous diet. This preference for specific tastes can help ensure that individuals consume the appropriate nutrients for their dietary needs.

Overall, the ability to discriminate different tastes allows organisms to make adaptive choices about their diet, helping them to obtain essential nutrients, avoid harmful substances, and ultimately increase their chances of survival and reproductive success. This demonstrates how differences in tasting between species illustrate an adaptation to an evolutionary niche.

Question 3

You have learned about somatotopic, tonotopic, and chemotopic mapping in the brain. Compose a short description of these ideas, and tell how these organizational schemes are similar and different from each other.

Accepted Answer

Somatotopic, tonotopic, and chemotopic mapping are all organizational schemes that describe how different sensory information is represented in the brain.

Somatotopic mapping refers to the organization of the body's sensory and motor functions in the brain, where specific areas of the body are represented in specific areas of the brain. For example, the sensory and motor functions of the hand are represented in a specific area of the somatosensory cortex.

Tonotopic mapping refers to the organization of auditory information in the brain, where different frequencies of sound are represented in different areas of the auditory cortex. This allows the brain to distinguish between different pitches and tones.

Chemotopic mapping refers to the organization of olfactory information in the brain, where different smells are represented in different areas of the olfactory cortex. This allows the brain to distinguish between different odors.

These organizational schemes are similar in that they all involve the mapping of sensory information in the brain, and they all allow for the discrimination and processing of specific types of sensory input. However, they are different in that they each represent different types of sensory information (body sensations, auditory input, and olfactory input), and they are located in different areas of the brain. Additionally, while somatotopic and tonotopic mapping are based on spatial organization, chemotopic mapping is based on the chemical properties of different odors.

Question 4

TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) exerts its effect because ____________________.

Accepted Answer

A)  the activity of mechanosensory neurons has an inhibitory effect on the activity of nociceptors that innervate the same region. 
B)  it serves to close the "gate" described in the gate theory of pain 
C)  it selectively can act on large diameter neurons rather than small diameter neurons 
D)  all of the above 
A)  the activity of mechanosensory neurons has an inhibitory effect on the activity of nociceptors that innervate the same region. 
B)  it serves to close the "gate" described in the gate theory of pain 
C)  it selectively can act on large diameter neurons rather than small diameter neurons 
D)  all of the above

Question 5

Match the tastant with its role in gustation.
-________ helps to detect foods that are spoiled or unripe

Accepted Answer

A)  acid 
B)  bitter 
C) umami 
D) sweet. 
A)  acid 
B)  bitter 
C) umami 
D) sweet.

Question 6

Somatosensory neurons in the fingertips in general have (larger/smaller) receptive fields than somatosensory neurons that innervate the calf.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Somatosensory neurons in the fingertips in general...

Question 7

What is NOT true of the carotid body?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is a collection of cells found where the carotid artery divides to form the external and internal carotid branches. 
B)  it detects blood oxygenation levels 
C)  glomus cells primarily use dopamine as their neurotransmitter 
D)  glomus cells depolarize when oxygen levels drop 
A)  It is a collection of cells found where the carotid artery divides to form the external and internal carotid branches. 
B)  it detects blood oxygenation levels 
C)  glomus cells primarily use dopamine as their neurotransmitter 
D)  glomus cells depolarize when oxygen levels drop

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT true of the vestibular system?

Accepted Answer

A)  Head tilt and acceleration is detected by hair cells that sense fluid movement 
B)  The cochlea is the sensory organ associated with sensing head tilt and acceleration 
C)  The tips of hair cells that sense acceleration respond to movement of the otoconial membrane 
D)  saccular hair cells respond to movements such as that experienced when riding an elevator 
A)  Head tilt and acceleration is detected by hair cells that sense fluid movement 
B)  The cochlea is the sensory organ associated with sensing head tilt and acceleration 
C)  The tips of hair cells that sense acceleration respond to movement of the otoconial membrane 
D)  saccular hair cells respond to movements such as that experienced when riding an elevator

Question 9

Opioids such as morphine reduce pain by which of the following mechanisms?

Accepted Answer

A)  blocking receptors that detect pain-producing compounds 
B)  activating receptors that lead to neuronal hyperpolarization 
C)  blocking receptors that lead to neuronal depolarization 
D)  blocking sodium channels that are expressed in a subset of nociceptors 
A)  blocking receptors that detect pain-producing compounds 
B)  activating receptors that lead to neuronal hyperpolarization 
C)  blocking receptors that lead to neuronal depolarization 
D)  blocking sodium channels that are expressed in a subset of nociceptors

Question 10

Nociceptors are polymodal sensory neurons. What mechanisms might account for how these sensory neurons are involved in the detection of more than one sensory modality? What might be an evolutionary benefit of this, rather than having unimodal detectors convey painful sensations to the CNS?

Accepted Answer

Nociceptors are polymodal sensory neuron

Question 11

Compare and contrast the mechanosensory organs in muscles responsible for proprioception. Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement?

Accepted Answer

A)  Most proprioceptive sensors are located in the joints. 
B)  Golgi tendon organs sense stretch in the tendon via mechanosensory ion channels 
C)  Muscle spindles sense both the magnitude and velocity of muscle stretch 
D)  Both golgi tendon organs and muscle spindles are innervated by myelinated nerve fibers 
A)  Most proprioceptive sensors are located in the joints. 
B)  Golgi tendon organs sense stretch in the tendon via mechanosensory ion channels 
C)  Muscle spindles sense both the magnitude and velocity of muscle stretch 
D)  Both golgi tendon organs and muscle spindles are innervated by myelinated nerve fibers

Question 12

Which of the following is true of enkephalins?

Accepted Answer

A)  They are an example of a cannabinoid. 
B)  They lessen the perception of pain during acute stress. 
C)  They are primarily used as a neurotransmitter in glomus cells that detect blood oxygen. 
D)  all of the above 
A)  They are an example of a cannabinoid. 
B)  They lessen the perception of pain during acute stress. 
C)  They are primarily used as a neurotransmitter in glomus cells that detect blood oxygen. 
D)  all of the above

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT an accurate comparison between gustation and phototransduction?

Accepted Answer

A)  T1 receptors and rhodopsin are molecules that contain 7 membrane-spanning domains 
B)  The G-alpha subunits from T1 receptors and rhodopsin activates a phosphodiesterase 
C)  Sensory cells that respond to sweet and photons depolarize when presented with sweet tastants or photons 
D)  The detection of photons and sweet tastants both lead to changes in intracellular calcium levels in sensory cells. 
A)  T1 receptors and rhodopsin are molecules that contain 7 membrane-spanning domains 
B)  The G-alpha subunits from T1 receptors and rhodopsin activates a phosphodiesterase 
C)  Sensory cells that respond to sweet and photons depolarize when presented with sweet tastants or photons 
D)  The detection of photons and sweet tastants both lead to changes in intracellular calcium levels in sensory cells.

Question 14

Analyze Figure 7.11, In the text From these data you might conclude which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  Mice without functional TRPM8 cannot tell the difference between 20C and 30C. 
B)  Wildtype mice prefer a temperature of about 20C. 
C)  TRPM8 permits a cation influx into cells after it is activated by cold temperatures. 
D)  Mice without functional TRPM8 lose their ability to perceive cold temperatures 
A)  Mice without functional TRPM8 cannot tell the difference between 20C and 30C. 
B)  Wildtype mice prefer a temperature of about 20C. 
C)  TRPM8 permits a cation influx into cells after it is activated by cold temperatures. 
D)  Mice without functional TRPM8 lose their ability to perceive cold temperatures

Question 15

Variations in human genes, such as T1R2, make people differentially sensitive to certain tastes. Propose a reason that so much variation in these genes can exist in the human population. Predict whether you think that our species will eventually have one form of this receptor, a non-functional receptor like cats, or will continue to have many variants and give rationale for your prediction.

Accepted Answer

The variation in human genes, such as T1

Question 16

If you were to perform an analysis of pain sensing neurons exposed to the centipede toxin described in section 7.2, what would you be likely to find?

Accepted Answer

A)  action potentials are reduced or absent in these cells 
B)  action potentials are increased in these cells 
C)  the cells would no longer be able to release neurotransmitter after depolarization of the axon terminal 
D)  the cells would release an excessive amount of neurotransmitter from the axon terminal 
A)  action potentials are reduced or absent in these cells 
B)  action potentials are increased in these cells 
C)  the cells would no longer be able to release neurotransmitter after depolarization of the axon terminal 
D)  the cells would release an excessive amount of neurotransmitter from the axon terminal

Question 17

Analzye Figure 7.16. In the text What can you conclude from these data?

Accepted Answer

A)  There is a gustatopic map in the medulla where similar tastes are recognized by clusters of adjacent neurons 
B)  Salt-tuned neurons seem to be rapidly adapting and decrease their response even as a stimulus is sustained 
C)  Sour-tuned neurons respond to NaCl, but not HCl 
D)  none of the above can be concluded from these data 
A)  There is a gustatopic map in the medulla where similar tastes are recognized by clusters of adjacent neurons 
B)  Salt-tuned neurons seem to be rapidly adapting and decrease their response even as a stimulus is sustained 
C)  Sour-tuned neurons respond to NaCl, but not HCl 
D)  none of the above can be concluded from these data

Question 18

Analzye Figure 7.16. In the text What can you conclude from these data?

Accepted Answer

A)  Animals that are injected with THC are more likely to crave sweet foods than animals injected with 2-AG 
B)  Wild-type mice injected with 2-AG experience increased responses to both sucrose and HCl 
C)  Wild-type mice injected with 2-AG experience increased responses to saccharine but not quinine 
D)  CB1 knockout mice experience injected with 2-AG experience an increased response to HCl 
A)  Animals that are injected with THC are more likely to crave sweet foods than animals injected with 2-AG 
B)  Wild-type mice injected with 2-AG experience increased responses to both sucrose and HCl 
C)  Wild-type mice injected with 2-AG experience increased responses to saccharine but not quinine 
D)  CB1 knockout mice experience injected with 2-AG experience an increased response to HCl

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT true of Pacinian Corpuscles?

Accepted Answer

A)  Pacinian corpuscles are located in the deepest layers of the dermis. 
B)  Pacinian corpuscles consist of many glial-like cells surrounding a mechanosensory axon. 
C)  Mechanosensory neurons that innervate Pacinian corpuscles rapidly adapt to stimuli. 
D)  Mechanosensory neurons that innervate Pacinian corpuscles respond to low frequency vibration. 
E)  Mechanosensory ion channels are likely located in the mechanosensory axon of each Pacinian corpuscle, and are not found in the glia. 
A)  Pacinian corpuscles are located in the deepest layers of the dermis. 
B)  Pacinian corpuscles consist of many glial-like cells surrounding a mechanosensory axon. 
C)  Mechanosensory neurons that innervate Pacinian corpuscles rapidly adapt to stimuli. 
D)  Mechanosensory neurons that innervate Pacinian corpuscles respond to low frequency vibration. 
E)  Mechanosensory ion channels are likely located in the mechanosensory axon of each Pacinian corpuscle, and are not found in the glia.

Question 20

What is an endogenous cannabinoid? Is an endogenous cannabinoid different than cannibinoids found in marijuana plants? Describe one role of an endongenous cannabinoid in gustation.

Accepted Answer

An endogenous cannabinoid is a naturally

Which of the following is NOT true regarding acid-sensing in the body?

Construct an argument that the ability to discriminate different tastes is evolutionarily advantageous. In your answer, choose 3 examples from the reading of how differences in tasting between species illustrates an adaptation to an evolutionary niche.

You have learned about somatotopic, tonotopic, and chemotopic mapping in the brain. Compose a short description of these ideas, and tell how these organizational schemes are similar and different from each other.

TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) exerts its effect because ____________________.

Match the tastant with its role in gustation. -________ helps to detect foods that are spoiled or unripe

Somatosensory neurons in the fingertips in general have (larger/smaller) receptive fields than somatosensory neurons that innervate the calf.

What is NOT true of the carotid body?

Which of the following is NOT true of the vestibular system?

Opioids such as morphine reduce pain by which of the following mechanisms?

Nociceptors are polymodal sensory neurons. What mechanisms might account for how these sensory neurons are involved in the detection of more than one sensory modality? What might be an evolutionary benefit of this, rather than having unimodal detectors convey painful sensations to the CNS?

Compare and contrast the mechanosensory organs in muscles responsible for proprioception. Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement?

Which of the following is true of enkephalins?

Which of the following is NOT an accurate comparison between gustation and phototransduction?

Analyze Figure 7.11, In the text From these data you might conclude which of the following?

If you were to perform an analysis of pain sensing neurons exposed to the centipede toxin described in section 7.2, what would you be likely to find?

Analzye Figure 7.16. In the text What can you conclude from these data?

Analzye Figure 7.16. In the text What can you conclude from these data?

Which of the following is NOT true of Pacinian Corpuscles?

What is an endogenous cannabinoid? Is an endogenous cannabinoid different than cannibinoids found in marijuana plants? Describe one role of an endongenous cannabinoid in gustation.

Nervous System Organization

Computing With Neurons

Neuronal Plasticity

Developing a Nervous System

Protecting and Maintaining the Adult Nervous System

Sensors I: Remote Sensing

Using Muscles and Glands

Regulating Vital Bodily Functions

Controlling Posture and Locomotion

Localizing Stimuli and Orienting in Space

Identifying Stimuli and Stimulus Objects

Regulating Brain States

Remembering Relationships

Selecting Actions, Pursuing Goals

Being Different From Others

Filters

Exam 7: Sensors II: Sensing on Contact

Which of the following is NOT true regarding acid-sensing in the body?

Construct an argument that the ability to discriminate different tastes is evolutionarily advantageous. In your answer, choose 3 examples from the reading of how differences in tasting between species illustrates an adaptation to an evolutionary niche.

You have learned about somatotopic, tonotopic, and chemotopic mapping in the brain. Compose a short description of these ideas, and tell how these organizational schemes are similar and different from each other.

TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) exerts its effect because ____________________.

Match the tastant with its role in gustation. -________ helps to detect foods that are spoiled or unripe

Somatosensory neurons in the fingertips in general have (larger/smaller) receptive fields than somatosensory neurons that innervate the calf.

What is NOT true of the carotid body?

Which of the following is NOT true of the vestibular system?

Opioids such as morphine reduce pain by which of the following mechanisms?

Nociceptors are polymodal sensory neurons. What mechanisms might account for how these sensory neurons are involved in the detection of more than one sensory modality? What might be an evolutionary benefit of this, rather than having unimodal detectors convey painful sensations to the CNS?

Compare and contrast the mechanosensory organs in muscles responsible for proprioception. Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement?

Which of the following is true of enkephalins?

Which of the following is NOT an accurate comparison between gustation and phototransduction?

Analyze Figure 7.11, In the text From these data you might conclude which of the following?

If you were to perform an analysis of pain sensing neurons exposed to the centipede toxin described in section 7.2, what would you be likely to find?

Analzye Figure 7.16. In the text What can you conclude from these data?

Analzye Figure 7.16. In the text What can you conclude from these data?

Which of the following is NOT true of Pacinian Corpuscles?

What is an endogenous cannabinoid? Is an endogenous cannabinoid different than cannibinoids found in marijuana plants? Describe one role of an endongenous cannabinoid in gustation.

Nervous System Organization

Computing With Neurons

Neuronal Plasticity

Developing a Nervous System

Protecting and Maintaining the Adult Nervous System

Sensors I: Remote Sensing

Using Muscles and Glands

Regulating Vital Bodily Functions

Controlling Posture and Locomotion

Localizing Stimuli and Orienting in Space

Identifying Stimuli and Stimulus Objects

Regulating Brain States

Remembering Relationships

Selecting Actions, Pursuing Goals

Being Different From Others

Filters