Question 1

Construct a table that lists features of long-term potentiation (LTP) on one side and long-term depression (LTD) on the other.

Accepted Answer

Features of Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) | Features of Long-Term Depression (LTD)
1. Mechanism: LTP involves the strengthening of synaptic connections between neurons, leading to increased signal transmission. | LTD involves the weakening of synaptic connections, leading to decreased signal transmission.
2. Duration: LTP results in long-lasting changes in synaptic strength, often lasting for hours or even days. | LTD also results in long-lasting changes in synaptic strength, but in the opposite direction, leading to decreased synaptic strength.
3. Induction: LTP is typically induced by high-frequency stimulation of the presynaptic neuron. | LTD is induced by low-frequency stimulation or prolonged low-level stimulation of the presynaptic neuron.
4. Molecular mechanisms: LTP is associated with the activation of NMDA receptors and the subsequent influx of calcium ions, leading to the activation of protein kinases and the insertion of AMPA receptors into the postsynaptic membrane. | LTD is associated with the activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors and the subsequent decrease in AMPA receptor function, leading to the removal of AMPA receptors from the postsynaptic membrane.
5. Functional implications: LTP is thought to be involved in learning and memory processes, as it strengthens synaptic connections and enhances signal transmission. | LTD is thought to be involved in homeostatic regulation of synaptic strength, as it weakens synaptic connections and reduces signal transmission.

These are some of the key features that differentiate LTP from LTD, highlighting their opposing effects on synaptic strength and their distinct molecular mechanisms and functional implications.

Question 2

An experiment is performed that removes a certain region of the hippocampus. The behavior of the animal is then observed and deficits are recorded. This is an example of a ______________________ experiment.

Accepted Answer

loss of function

Question 3

A cortical neuron is cultured in the presence of a sodium channel blocker (TTX) for two days. Assuming that synaptic scaling occurs at a relatively constant rate, what would be the most reasonable prediction for the average EPSC after 24 hours in response to stimulation?

Accepted Answer

A)  Less than 100% of control conditions. 
B)  About 150% of control conditions. 
C)  Greater than 192% of control conditions. 
D)  No EPSCs would be observed after 24 hours. 
A)  Less than 100% of control conditions. 
B)  About 150% of control conditions. 
C)  Greater than 192% of control conditions. 
D)  No EPSCs would be observed after 24 hours. B

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT true of long-term depression (LTD)?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is mediated by increases in intracellular calcium 
B)  It involves the weakening of synaptic connections 
C)  It relies on the insertion of additional AMPA receptors in the neuronal membrane 
D)  It has been studied extensively in the cerebellum 
A)  It is mediated by increases in intracellular calcium 
B)  It involves the weakening of synaptic connections 
C)  It relies on the insertion of additional AMPA receptors in the neuronal membrane 
D)  It has been studied extensively in the cerebellum

Question 5

Consider figure 3.20. In the text Next to each finding
-________________ rats are raised in cages with other rats and no toys

Accepted Answer

A)  social 
B)  enriched. 
C)  enriched 
D)  deprived 
E)  Enriched 
A)  social 
B)  enriched. 
C)  enriched 
D)  deprived 
E)  Enriched

Question 6

There is a balance between neurons being overly sensitive to stimuli and not sensitive enough. Outline the reasons why a neuron needs to regulate how it responds to stimuli. Propose another reason why a neuron might want to adjust its sensitivity to some type of stimulus besides those given in the text.

Accepted Answer

Neurons need to regulate how they respon

Question 7

Consider the diagram at right, which shows glutamatergic neurons. If Neurons A and B fire nearly simultaneously (causing LTP to occur), which of the following is most likely true?
   
a) LTP occurs at synapses 1 and 2 only
b) LTP occurs at synapses 1, 2, and 3
c) after LTP there will be many more NMDA receptors present in Neuron D
d) Neurons A and B are likely to release more glutamate after LTP induction
e) all of the above

Accepted Answer

The answer of Consider the diagram at right, which shows...

Question 8

You are performing experiments using brain slices of the cerebellum and find that synaptic changes lead to weakened associations between stimuli. This is an example of ___________________________.

Accepted Answer

Long-term

Question 9

Examine box b3.2. Identify the most important message from the text.

Accepted Answer

A)  the hippocampus has very different functions in humans and rodents, with rodents being spatial memory and humans being episodic memory. 
B)  the anterior hippocampus in humans is similar to the ventral hippocampus in rodents, and the human hippocampus is shifted caudoventrally compared to the rodent's. 
C)  the result of apparent discrepancies between hippocampal function in humans and rodents is due to the fact that hippocampus organization is different between the two species 
D)  none of the above are important messages from the text 
A)  the hippocampus has very different functions in humans and rodents, with rodents being spatial memory and humans being episodic memory. 
B)  the anterior hippocampus in humans is similar to the ventral hippocampus in rodents, and the human hippocampus is shifted caudoventrally compared to the rodent's. 
C)  the result of apparent discrepancies between hippocampal function in humans and rodents is due to the fact that hippocampus organization is different between the two species 
D)  none of the above are important messages from the text

Question 10

Chapter 3 briefly discusses drugs that are being developed in order to increase the ability to establish LTP. When might this be helpful in terms of increasing health and improving quality of life?

Accepted Answer

Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a proces

Question 11

Place the following events in order that occur when long-term sensitization occurs, with 1 being first.
____ Protein kinase A concentrations increase
____ phosphorylated CREB binds to DNA
____ cAMP levels increase
____ serotonin binds to a GPCR serotonin receptor
____ adenylate cyclase activity increases
____ genes are transcribed that are involved in long-term synaptic changes

Accepted Answer

__4__ Protein kinase A is activated
__5_

Question 12

Consider figure 3.18. In the text If the rats had been given water every time they heard a 25Hz tone what would you predict would be different in the figure A that represents the trained animals?

Accepted Answer

A)  More yellow would be present 
B)  More blue would be present 
C)  More red would be present 
D)  More green would be present 
A)  More yellow would be present 
B)  More blue would be present 
C)  More red would be present 
D)  More green would be present

Question 13

Consider the diagram at right, which shows glutamatergic neurons. What does it mean that Synapses 1 and 3 become paired via LTP?
   
a) The combined activity at synapses 1 and 3 sufficiently depolarized Neuron D to cause LTP to occur
b) After pairing, a weak stimulus at synapse 1 will lead to a stronger response than before pairing
c) Synapses 1 and 3 have been physically changed by events that require gene transcription
d) all of the above

Accepted Answer

The answer of Consider the diagram at right, which shows...

Question 14

In an experiment, you find that cortical neurons that have not been exposed to glutamate for several days give far stronger responses than those that have been continuously exposed. This is an example of which phenomenon?

Accepted Answer

A)  synaptic scaling 
B)  long-term potentiation 
C)  long-term depression 
D)  none of the above 
A)  synaptic scaling 
B)  long-term potentiation 
C)  long-term depression 
D)  none of the above

Question 15

Consider the diagram at right, which shows glutamatergic neurons. In a Hebbian synapse, if Neuron A fires and Neuron D is depolarized by an electrode (so that the combined depolarization is above threshold) then which of the following would occur?
   
a) Synapses 1, 2, and 3 would all be strengthened
b) Only synapse 1 would be strengthened
c) Synapses 1, 2, and 3 would all be weakened
d) all of the above

Accepted Answer

The answer of Consider the diagram at right, which shows...

Question 16

In this chapter there are many instances where the brain structure and function is altered in response to experience. Select one of these examples as having implications for how human behavior might be a product of upbringing or past experience. What parallels can be drawn between these animal studies and possibilities for human experiences and behaviors?

Accepted Answer

One example of how brain structure and f

Question 17

A tonotopic map in the brain describes a region where neurons are grouped together based on __________________________________________.

Accepted Answer

their ability to det

Question 18

The tonotopic map in the auditory cortex is similar to the somatotopic map in the somatosensory cortex in that

Accepted Answer

A)  The locations of sound and touch are both represented by specific parts of these cortical areas 
B)  Specific stimuli map to specific cortical regions 
C)  The frequency of perceptions of vibration in the periphery and eardrum maps to specific cortical areas 
D)  they are the only known examples of spatial mapping in the nervous system 
E)  all of the above are true 
A)  The locations of sound and touch are both represented by specific parts of these cortical areas 
B)  Specific stimuli map to specific cortical regions 
C)  The frequency of perceptions of vibration in the periphery and eardrum maps to specific cortical areas 
D)  they are the only known examples of spatial mapping in the nervous system 
E)  all of the above are true

Question 19

Analyze the experiment described in figure 3.17. In the text Which of the following is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  new axonal growth may accompany learning to associate stimuli. 
B)  pseudoconditioned mice experience increases in axonal growth. 
C)  connections between the pons and cerebellum decrease following exposure to noxious stimuli 
D)  none of the above are true 
A)  new axonal growth may accompany learning to associate stimuli. 
B)  pseudoconditioned mice experience increases in axonal growth. 
C)  connections between the pons and cerebellum decrease following exposure to noxious stimuli 
D)  none of the above are true

Question 20

Consider figure 3.20. In the text Next to each finding
-________________ most synapses at the conclusion of experiment

Accepted Answer

A)  social 
B)  enriched 
C)  enriched. 
D)  deprived 
E)  Enriched 
A)  social 
B)  enriched 
C)  enriched. 
D)  deprived 
E)  Enriched

Construct a table that lists features of long-term potentiation (LTP) on one side and long-term depression (LTD) on the other.

An experiment is performed that removes a certain region of the hippocampus. The behavior of the animal is then observed and deficits are recorded. This is an example of a ______________________ experiment.

A cortical neuron is cultured in the presence of a sodium channel blocker (TTX) for two days. Assuming that synaptic scaling occurs at a relatively constant rate, what would be the most reasonable prediction for the average EPSC after 24 hours in response to stimulation?

Which of the following is NOT true of long-term depression (LTD)?

Consider figure 3.20. In the text Next to each finding -________________ rats are raised in cages with other rats and no toys

You are performing experiments using brain slices of the cerebellum and find that synaptic changes lead to weakened associations between stimuli. This is an example of ___________________________.

Examine box b3.2. Identify the most important message from the text.

Chapter 3 briefly discusses drugs that are being developed in order to increase the ability to establish LTP. When might this be helpful in terms of increasing health and improving quality of life?

Consider figure 3.18. In the text If the rats had been given water every time they heard a 25Hz tone what would you predict would be different in the figure A that represents the trained animals?

In an experiment, you find that cortical neurons that have not been exposed to glutamate for several days give far stronger responses than those that have been continuously exposed. This is an example of which phenomenon?

A tonotopic map in the brain describes a region where neurons are grouped together based on __________________________________________.

The tonotopic map in the auditory cortex is similar to the somatotopic map in the somatosensory cortex in that

Analyze the experiment described in figure 3.17. In the text Which of the following is true?

Consider figure 3.20. In the text Next to each finding -________________ most synapses at the conclusion of experiment

Nervous System Organization

Computing With Neurons

Developing a Nervous System

Protecting and Maintaining the Adult Nervous System

Sensors I: Remote Sensing

Sensors II: Sensing on Contact

Using Muscles and Glands

Regulating Vital Bodily Functions

Controlling Posture and Locomotion

Localizing Stimuli and Orienting in Space

Identifying Stimuli and Stimulus Objects

Regulating Brain States

Remembering Relationships

Selecting Actions, Pursuing Goals

Being Different From Others

Filters

Exam 3: Neuronal Plasticity

Construct a table that lists features of long-term potentiation (LTP) on one side and long-term depression (LTD) on the other.

An experiment is performed that removes a certain region of the hippocampus. The behavior of the animal is then observed and deficits are recorded. This is an example of a ______________________ experiment.

A cortical neuron is cultured in the presence of a sodium channel blocker (TTX) for two days. Assuming that synaptic scaling occurs at a relatively constant rate, what would be the most reasonable prediction for the average EPSC after 24 hours in response to stimulation?

Which of the following is NOT true of long-term depression (LTD)?

Consider figure 3.20. In the text Next to each finding -________________ rats are raised in cages with other rats and no toys

You are performing experiments using brain slices of the cerebellum and find that synaptic changes lead to weakened associations between stimuli. This is an example of ___________________________.

Examine box b3.2. Identify the most important message from the text.

Chapter 3 briefly discusses drugs that are being developed in order to increase the ability to establish LTP. When might this be helpful in terms of increasing health and improving quality of life?

Consider figure 3.18. In the text If the rats had been given water every time they heard a 25Hz tone what would you predict would be different in the figure A that represents the trained animals?

In an experiment, you find that cortical neurons that have not been exposed to glutamate for several days give far stronger responses than those that have been continuously exposed. This is an example of which phenomenon?

A tonotopic map in the brain describes a region where neurons are grouped together based on __________________________________________.

The tonotopic map in the auditory cortex is similar to the somatotopic map in the somatosensory cortex in that

Analyze the experiment described in figure 3.17. In the text Which of the following is true?

Consider figure 3.20. In the text Next to each finding -________________ most synapses at the conclusion of experiment

Nervous System Organization

Computing With Neurons

Developing a Nervous System

Protecting and Maintaining the Adult Nervous System

Sensors I: Remote Sensing

Sensors II: Sensing on Contact

Using Muscles and Glands

Regulating Vital Bodily Functions

Controlling Posture and Locomotion

Localizing Stimuli and Orienting in Space

Identifying Stimuli and Stimulus Objects

Regulating Brain States

Remembering Relationships

Selecting Actions, Pursuing Goals

Being Different From Others

Filters