Question 1

Analyze figure b6.1. In the text What does this figure illustrate?

Accepted Answer

A)  Females are able to better detect the smell of androstenone than males 
B)  The ability to smell androstenone is normally distributed in the population 
C)  There is no difference in sensitivity to androstenone between males and females 
D)  All of the above are true 
A)  Females are able to better detect the smell of androstenone than males 
B)  The ability to smell androstenone is normally distributed in the population 
C)  There is no difference in sensitivity to androstenone between males and females 
D)  All of the above are true C

Question 2

The text describes experiments where blind individuals receive sensory stimuli on their tongue that reflects their visual environment. Can you think of other types of sensory modalities that might be advantageous to represent as somatosensory stimuli? What types of abilities might you be able to confer on humans that were previously not possible?

Accepted Answer

In addition to representing visual information as somatosensory stimuli, other types of sensory modalities that might be advantageous to represent include auditory and olfactory stimuli. By converting sound waves and scents into somatosensory signals on the tongue, individuals who are deaf or have a diminished sense of smell could potentially gain access to auditory and olfactory information in a new way.

By using somatosensory stimuli to represent these sensory modalities, it may be possible to confer the ability to "see" or perceive the world through sound and smell for individuals who were previously unable to do so. This could greatly enhance their understanding of their environment and improve their overall quality of life. Additionally, this technology could potentially open up new possibilities for communication and interaction for individuals with sensory impairments. Overall, the ability to convert various sensory modalities into somatosensory stimuli has the potential to expand the sensory capabilities of humans in ways that were previously not possible.

Question 3

Analyze figure b6.2.In the text If one electrode in a cochlear implant malfunctions and continuously stimulates the cochlea at varying intensities, what will be the result?

Accepted Answer

A)  the wearer would repeatedly hear a tone that varies in volume 
B)  the wearer would repeatedly hear a tone of the same volume but with variable frequency 
C)  the wearer would hear repeated words or phrases 
D)  none of the above 
A)  the wearer would repeatedly hear a tone that varies in volume 
B)  the wearer would repeatedly hear a tone of the same volume but with variable frequency 
C)  the wearer would hear repeated words or phrases 
D)  none of the above A

Question 4

Some antibiotics interfere with the proper production and maintenance of the endolymph. These are said to be ototoxic. What would you suspect would be the result?

Accepted Answer

A)  A decrease in the ability of ion channels in stereocilia to open and close 
B)  A decrease in hair cell function due to changes in the Nernst potentials of ionic species 
C)  A decrease in tip link length 
D)  A decrease in the ability of the ossicles to transmit sound from the tympanic membrane to the oval window 
A)  A decrease in the ability of ion channels in stereocilia to open and close 
B)  A decrease in hair cell function due to changes in the Nernst potentials of ionic species 
C)  A decrease in tip link length 
D)  A decrease in the ability of the ossicles to transmit sound from the tympanic membrane to the oval window

Question 5

Analyze figure 6.7. In the text Which is true of this figure?

Accepted Answer

A)  There are many more cones than rods in this section of retina. 
B)  Rod and cone morphology is quite similar; thus it is impossible to distinguish rods and cones using these staining techniques. 
C)  This figure shows that rods are hyperpolarized in response to a light stimulus. 
D)  None of the above are true. 
A)  There are many more cones than rods in this section of retina. 
B)  Rod and cone morphology is quite similar; thus it is impossible to distinguish rods and cones using these staining techniques. 
C)  This figure shows that rods are hyperpolarized in response to a light stimulus. 
D)  None of the above are true.

Question 6

The phototransduction and olfactory transduction cascades both involve several intermediate steps between signal detection and the cellular response of photoreceptors or olfactory neurons. Propose an explanation for why you think these second messenger systems might be advantageous for the function of these sensory systems.

Accepted Answer

The use of second messenger systems in p

Question 7

Which of the following is true of olfactory receptor molecules?

Accepted Answer

A)  They are G-protein coupled receptors 
B)  Humans have about as many opsin genes as olfactory receptor genes 
C)  Each olfactory receptor molecule only binds to a specific odorant molecule 
D)  All of the above are true 
A)  They are G-protein coupled receptors 
B)  Humans have about as many opsin genes as olfactory receptor genes 
C)  Each olfactory receptor molecule only binds to a specific odorant molecule 
D)  All of the above are true

Question 8

Contrast the photoreceptor response with the "typical" response that a neuron might produce in response to stimulation as described in chapter 2. Which of the following is a difference?

Accepted Answer

A)  In response to a stimulus, photoreceptors hyperpolarize. 
B)  Depolarization occurs because of ion channels that permit an influx of cations. 
C)  Intracellular calcium rises lead to the release of neurotransmitters in vesicles. 
D)  all of the above 
A)  In response to a stimulus, photoreceptors hyperpolarize. 
B)  Depolarization occurs because of ion channels that permit an influx of cations. 
C)  Intracellular calcium rises lead to the release of neurotransmitters in vesicles. 
D)  all of the above

Question 9

You are watching the stars at night, and you never seem to be looking at the right spot to catch the brightest meteors. Which of the following might explain this?

Accepted Answer

A)  Your fovea contains mostly cones; thus you see dim light especially well when looking right at it. 
B)  Your peripheral retina contains more rods, which are more sensitive to dim light than cones; thus objects in your peripheral vision appear brighter in dim light situations. 
C)  Detection of light depends mostly on its color rather than intensity; thus cones play a larger role in detection of light in dim light situations. 
D)  all of the above 
A)  Your fovea contains mostly cones; thus you see dim light especially well when looking right at it. 
B)  Your peripheral retina contains more rods, which are more sensitive to dim light than cones; thus objects in your peripheral vision appear brighter in dim light situations. 
C)  Detection of light depends mostly on its color rather than intensity; thus cones play a larger role in detection of light in dim light situations. 
D)  all of the above

Question 10

Place the following events in the order they occur in the olfactory cascade.
____ Odorant molecules interact with an olfactory receptor molecule
____ Adenylate cyclase is activated
____ G(olf) is activated
____ cAMP levels increase
____ the olfactory neuron depolarizes
____ cyclic nucleotide-gated channels open
____ the amount of neurotransmitter released increases

Accepted Answer

__1__ Odorant molecules interact with an

Question 11

Analyze figure 6.18. In the text What does this figure illustrate?

Accepted Answer

A)  Each glomerulus responds to only one chemical compounds 
B)  Glomeruli only respond to compounds that contain carbon 
C)  Structurally similar compounds activate similar regions in the olfactory bulb 
D)  Decanal activates a more dorsal region of the olfactory bulb than pentanal. 
A)  Each glomerulus responds to only one chemical compounds 
B)  Glomeruli only respond to compounds that contain carbon 
C)  Structurally similar compounds activate similar regions in the olfactory bulb 
D)  Decanal activates a more dorsal region of the olfactory bulb than pentanal.

Question 12

Consider the phototransduction cascade. Viagra (sildenafil) is a drug that inhibits phosphodiesterases. What might you expect would be a side effect of Viagra related to visual function?

Accepted Answer

A)  Impaired ability of rhodopsin to detect photons 
B)  Impaired ability to degrade cGMP, thus limiting the cell's ability to hyperpolarize in response to light 
C)  Impaired ability for transducing to exchange GDP for GTP and thus activate second messengers 
D)  all of the above 
A)  Impaired ability of rhodopsin to detect photons 
B)  Impaired ability to degrade cGMP, thus limiting the cell's ability to hyperpolarize in response to light 
C)  Impaired ability for transducing to exchange GDP for GTP and thus activate second messengers 
D)  all of the above

Question 13

Consider the anatomy of the eye. Place the following structures in order based on the sequence light would pass through them.
____ Retina
____ Lens
____ Cornea
____ Sclera
____ Choroid

Accepted Answer

The answer of Consider the anatomy of the eye. Place...

Question 14

A degenerative disease that affects the retina might lead directly to which of the following problems?

Accepted Answer

A)  Near-sightedness because of an inability to properly focus light entering the eye. 
B)  Far-sightedness because of an inability to properly focus light entering the eye. 
C)  Problems with light detection because of decreased photoreceptor function. 
D)  Impaired retinal circulation because of damage to the overlying blood vessels in the macula. 
A)  Near-sightedness because of an inability to properly focus light entering the eye. 
B)  Far-sightedness because of an inability to properly focus light entering the eye. 
C)  Problems with light detection because of decreased photoreceptor function. 
D)  Impaired retinal circulation because of damage to the overlying blood vessels in the macula.

Question 15

Many rods synapse with biopolar cells, which in turn synapse with amacrine cells. These cells form connections with cone bipolar cells, which in turn synapse with retinal ganglion cells that form the optic nerve. This example illustrates the general principle known as

Accepted Answer

A)  Convergence 
B)  Divergence 
C)  Trichromatic vision 
D)  None of the above 
A)  Convergence 
B)  Divergence 
C)  Trichromatic vision 
D)  None of the above

Question 16

The visual system is able to detect very low levels of light. Outline at least 3 properties of photoreceptors and retinal connectivity that permit detection of very small amounts of light.

Accepted Answer

1. Sensitivity to light: Photoreceptors,

Question 17

Adaptation to sensory stimuli is a feature of many sensory systems, and is evident in the way that the eyes adapt to dark rooms or how the ears adapt to loud sounds. Why is it beneficial for an organism to be able to adapt to extremes of stimuli intensity?

Accepted Answer

Adaptation to extremes of stimuli intens

Question 18

Adaptation to sensory stimuli is a feature of many sensory systems, and is evident in the way that the eyes adapt to dark rooms or how the ears adapt to loud sounds. Why is it beneficial for an organism to be able to adapt to extremes of stimuli intensity?

Accepted Answer

Adaptation to extremes of sensory stimul

Question 19

Analyze the anatomic diagrams in figure 6.13. In the text Which of the following is a true statement?

Accepted Answer

A)  The olfactory epithelium is superior to the bony (cribiform) plate adjacent to the olfactory bulb 
B)  Olfactory neurons synapse with cells in the glomeruli within the olfactory bulb 
C)  Odorant molecules are detected mitral cells in the olfactory bulb 
D)  All of the above are true statements. 
A)  The olfactory epithelium is superior to the bony (cribiform) plate adjacent to the olfactory bulb 
B)  Olfactory neurons synapse with cells in the glomeruli within the olfactory bulb 
C)  Odorant molecules are detected mitral cells in the olfactory bulb 
D)  All of the above are true statements.

Question 20

Do all humans perceive the world in the same way? What does this say about the physical world and our ability to perceive it? Justify your response with evidence from the sensory systems discussed in this chapter.

Accepted Answer

No, not all humans perceive the world in

Analyze figure b6.1. In the text What does this figure illustrate?

Analyze figure b6.2.In the text If one electrode in a cochlear implant malfunctions and continuously stimulates the cochlea at varying intensities, what will be the result?

Some antibiotics interfere with the proper production and maintenance of the endolymph. These are said to be ototoxic. What would you suspect would be the result?

Analyze figure 6.7. In the text Which is true of this figure?

Which of the following is true of olfactory receptor molecules?

Contrast the photoreceptor response with the "typical" response that a neuron might produce in response to stimulation as described in chapter 2. Which of the following is a difference?

You are watching the stars at night, and you never seem to be looking at the right spot to catch the brightest meteors. Which of the following might explain this?

Analyze figure 6.18. In the text What does this figure illustrate?

Consider the phototransduction cascade. Viagra (sildenafil) is a drug that inhibits phosphodiesterases. What might you expect would be a side effect of Viagra related to visual function?

Consider the anatomy of the eye. Place the following structures in order based on the sequence light would pass through them. Retina Lens Cornea Sclera Choroid

A degenerative disease that affects the retina might lead directly to which of the following problems?

Many rods synapse with biopolar cells, which in turn synapse with amacrine cells. These cells form connections with cone bipolar cells, which in turn synapse with retinal ganglion cells that form the optic nerve. This example illustrates the general principle known as

The visual system is able to detect very low levels of light. Outline at least 3 properties of photoreceptors and retinal connectivity that permit detection of very small amounts of light.

Adaptation to sensory stimuli is a feature of many sensory systems, and is evident in the way that the eyes adapt to dark rooms or how the ears adapt to loud sounds. Why is it beneficial for an organism to be able to adapt to extremes of stimuli intensity?

Adaptation to sensory stimuli is a feature of many sensory systems, and is evident in the way that the eyes adapt to dark rooms or how the ears adapt to loud sounds. Why is it beneficial for an organism to be able to adapt to extremes of stimuli intensity?

Analyze the anatomic diagrams in figure 6.13. In the text Which of the following is a true statement?

Do all humans perceive the world in the same way? What does this say about the physical world and our ability to perceive it? Justify your response with evidence from the sensory systems discussed in this chapter.

Nervous System Organization

Computing With Neurons

Neuronal Plasticity

Developing a Nervous System

Protecting and Maintaining the Adult Nervous System

Sensors II: Sensing on Contact

Using Muscles and Glands

Regulating Vital Bodily Functions

Controlling Posture and Locomotion

Localizing Stimuli and Orienting in Space

Identifying Stimuli and Stimulus Objects

Regulating Brain States

Remembering Relationships

Selecting Actions, Pursuing Goals

Being Different From Others

Filters

Exam 6: Sensors I: Remote Sensing

Analyze figure b6.1. In the text What does this figure illustrate?

Analyze figure b6.2.In the text If one electrode in a cochlear implant malfunctions and continuously stimulates the cochlea at varying intensities, what will be the result?

Some antibiotics interfere with the proper production and maintenance of the endolymph. These are said to be ototoxic. What would you suspect would be the result?

Analyze figure 6.7. In the text Which is true of this figure?

Which of the following is true of olfactory receptor molecules?

Contrast the photoreceptor response with the "typical" response that a neuron might produce in response to stimulation as described in chapter 2. Which of the following is a difference?

You are watching the stars at night, and you never seem to be looking at the right spot to catch the brightest meteors. Which of the following might explain this?

Analyze figure 6.18. In the text What does this figure illustrate?

Consider the phototransduction cascade. Viagra (sildenafil) is a drug that inhibits phosphodiesterases. What might you expect would be a side effect of Viagra related to visual function?

Consider the anatomy of the eye. Place the following structures in order based on the sequence light would pass through them. ____ Retina ____ Lens ____ Cornea ____ Sclera ____ Choroid

A degenerative disease that affects the retina might lead directly to which of the following problems?

Many rods synapse with biopolar cells, which in turn synapse with amacrine cells. These cells form connections with cone bipolar cells, which in turn synapse with retinal ganglion cells that form the optic nerve. This example illustrates the general principle known as

The visual system is able to detect very low levels of light. Outline at least 3 properties of photoreceptors and retinal connectivity that permit detection of very small amounts of light.

Adaptation to sensory stimuli is a feature of many sensory systems, and is evident in the way that the eyes adapt to dark rooms or how the ears adapt to loud sounds. Why is it beneficial for an organism to be able to adapt to extremes of stimuli intensity?

Adaptation to sensory stimuli is a feature of many sensory systems, and is evident in the way that the eyes adapt to dark rooms or how the ears adapt to loud sounds. Why is it beneficial for an organism to be able to adapt to extremes of stimuli intensity?

Analyze the anatomic diagrams in figure 6.13. In the text Which of the following is a true statement?

Do all humans perceive the world in the same way? What does this say about the physical world and our ability to perceive it? Justify your response with evidence from the sensory systems discussed in this chapter.

Nervous System Organization

Computing With Neurons

Neuronal Plasticity

Developing a Nervous System

Protecting and Maintaining the Adult Nervous System

Sensors II: Sensing on Contact

Using Muscles and Glands

Regulating Vital Bodily Functions

Controlling Posture and Locomotion

Localizing Stimuli and Orienting in Space

Identifying Stimuli and Stimulus Objects

Regulating Brain States

Remembering Relationships

Selecting Actions, Pursuing Goals

Being Different From Others

Filters

Consider the anatomy of the eye. Place the following structures in order based on the sequence light would pass through them. Retina Lens Cornea Sclera Choroid