Question 1

Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding effectors?

Accepted Answer

A)  Examples of exocrine glands include the pituitary and adrenal glands. 
B)  The actions of glands are generally much faster than skeletal muscle 
C)  Exocrine glands secrete a variety of hormones into the blood 
D)  None of the above are accurate statements 
A)  Examples of exocrine glands include the pituitary and adrenal glands. 
B)  The actions of glands are generally much faster than skeletal muscle 
C)  Exocrine glands secrete a variety of hormones into the blood 
D)  None of the above are accurate statements D

Question 2

Compare and contrast the neurons that innervate the anterior and posterior pituitary. Which statement is NOT accurate?

Accepted Answer

A)  Hormones released from the posterior pituitary gland are synthesized in the hypothalamus 
B)  Oxytocin is released from the anterior pituitary 
C)  Magnocellular neurons are found in the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus 
D)  The pituitary gland is located posterior to the optic chiasm. 
A)  Hormones released from the posterior pituitary gland are synthesized in the hypothalamus 
B)  Oxytocin is released from the anterior pituitary 
C)  Magnocellular neurons are found in the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus 
D)  The pituitary gland is located posterior to the optic chiasm. B

Question 3

Construct an argument that stress impacts the ability to recall information. Justify your response with data from experiments that have investigated stress hormones and their impact on memory functions.

Accepted Answer

Stress has been shown to have a significant impact on the ability to recall information. Numerous experiments have investigated the relationship between stress hormones and memory functions, providing compelling evidence for this claim.

One such experiment was conducted by Lupien and colleagues in 1997, where they found that high levels of the stress hormone cortisol were associated with impaired memory retrieval. In the study, participants were exposed to a stressful situation and then asked to recall a list of words. The results showed that individuals with higher cortisol levels had a harder time remembering the words compared to those with lower cortisol levels.

Furthermore, a study by Kuhlmann and Wolf in 2006 demonstrated that stress can specifically impair the retrieval of memories, rather than their encoding or storage. Participants in the study were exposed to a stress-inducing task before being asked to recall previously learned information. The results showed that the stressed participants had more difficulty retrieving the information compared to non-stressed participants, indicating a direct impact of stress on memory recall.

Additionally, a meta-analysis conducted by Shields and Sazma in 2016 found consistent evidence for the negative impact of stress on memory retrieval across various studies. The analysis revealed that stress was associated with decreased performance on memory tasks, further supporting the argument that stress impairs the ability to recall information.

In conclusion, the data from these experiments provide strong evidence for the impact of stress on memory recall. The findings consistently show that stress hormones, such as cortisol, can impair the retrieval of memories, highlighting the detrimental effects of stress on memory functions. Therefore, it can be argued that stress does indeed impact the ability to recall information.

Question 4

Create a Venn diagram that illustrates similarities and differences in cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscle. You must include at least 8 features of each cell type in the diagram. Note that some of the 8 will be shared-so you do not need 8 unique features for each.

Accepted Answer

Sure, here is a Venn diagram that illust

Question 5

Compare and contrast smooth, skeletal, and cardiac muscle. Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement?

Accepted Answer

A)  action potentials can lead to contraction in smooth muscle and skeletal muscle 
B)  voltage-gated sodium channels are primarily responsible for the initial depolarization in both smooth muscle and cardiac myocytes. 
C)  contraction in smooth, skeletal, and cardiac muscle is mediated by actin and myosin sliding relative to one another. 
D)  smooth muscle contracts 100s of times more slowly than skeletal muscle. 
A)  action potentials can lead to contraction in smooth muscle and skeletal muscle 
B)  voltage-gated sodium channels are primarily responsible for the initial depolarization in both smooth muscle and cardiac myocytes. 
C)  contraction in smooth, skeletal, and cardiac muscle is mediated by actin and myosin sliding relative to one another. 
D)  smooth muscle contracts 100s of times more slowly than skeletal muscle.

Question 6

The end of chapter 8 states that brain regions are multifunctional. Choose 3 brain regions and design a graphic that shows at least two functions associated with each area. In your description of each function, include evidence that the function is associated with that particular area of the brain.

Accepted Answer

Three brain regions that are multifuncti

Question 7

Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding the organization of motor neurons and muscle fibers?

Accepted Answer

A)  Multiple motor neurons synapse with each muscle fiber 
B)  A motor unit is the set of motor neurons that innervate a single muscle fiber 
C)  Each motor neuron synapses with only a single muscle fiber 
D)  None of the above are accurate statements 
A)  Multiple motor neurons synapse with each muscle fiber 
B)  A motor unit is the set of motor neurons that innervate a single muscle fiber 
C)  Each motor neuron synapses with only a single muscle fiber 
D)  None of the above are accurate statements

Question 8

Analyze Figure 8.16B. In the text Which of the following can you conclude from these data?

Accepted Answer

A)  The sinoatrial (S
A)  node is found in the right atrium 
B)  neural input via cholinergic synapses can modulate the activity of SA myocytes 
C)  cardiac myocytes exposed to acetylcholine contract increase in their contraction frequency 
D)  acetylcholine exposure leads to an action potential in cardiac myocytes 
A)  The sinoatrial (S
A)  node is found in the right atrium 
B)  neural input via cholinergic synapses can modulate the activity of SA myocytes 
C)  cardiac myocytes exposed to acetylcholine contract increase in their contraction frequency 
D)  acetylcholine exposure leads to an action potential in cardiac myocytes

Question 9

Which is an accurate statement regarding oxytocin release from the posterior pituitary gland?

Accepted Answer

A)  oxytocin released into the bloodstream leads to contraction of the mammary glands 
B)  astrocytic processes between magnocellular neurons must be present for synchronous firing to occur 
C)  magnocellular neurons fire action potentials in response to milk release from mammary glands 
D)  gap junctions between magnocellular neurons disappear shortly after a rat gives birth to a litter of pups 
E)  all of the above are accurate statements 
A)  oxytocin released into the bloodstream leads to contraction of the mammary glands 
B)  astrocytic processes between magnocellular neurons must be present for synchronous firing to occur 
C)  magnocellular neurons fire action potentials in response to milk release from mammary glands 
D)  gap junctions between magnocellular neurons disappear shortly after a rat gives birth to a litter of pups 
E)  all of the above are accurate statements

Question 10

Compare and contrast the terminology used to describe muscle fibers with other terms used to describe other cell types. Which of the following statements is NOT accurate?

Accepted Answer

A)  In muscle cells, the cell membrane is known as the sarcolemma, whereas in most cells it is known as the plasmalemma. 
B)  In both muscles and neurons, the term "motor end plate" describes the post-synaptic side of the synapse. 
C)  In muscle cells, a depolarization in response to a stimulus is known as an "end plate potential" whereas in neurons it is known as an "excitatory post-synaptic potential". 
D)  Muscle fibers (muscle cells) often contain many nuclei, whereas most cells only contain a single nucleus. 
A)  In muscle cells, the cell membrane is known as the sarcolemma, whereas in most cells it is known as the plasmalemma. 
B)  In both muscles and neurons, the term "motor end plate" describes the post-synaptic side of the synapse. 
C)  In muscle cells, a depolarization in response to a stimulus is known as an "end plate potential" whereas in neurons it is known as an "excitatory post-synaptic potential". 
D)  Muscle fibers (muscle cells) often contain many nuclei, whereas most cells only contain a single nucleus.

Question 11

Which as an accurate statement regarding insect flight in bees and flies?

Accepted Answer

A)  the frequency of wing beats is limited by the rate of neuronal firing 
B)  antagonistic muscle groups that control wing beats contract when stretched 
C)  while flying, muscle cells are in a constant state of calcium-dependent excitation 
D)  all of the above 
A)  the frequency of wing beats is limited by the rate of neuronal firing 
B)  antagonistic muscle groups that control wing beats contract when stretched 
C)  while flying, muscle cells are in a constant state of calcium-dependent excitation 
D)  all of the above

Question 12

Analyze figure 8.8. In the text Which of the following can be concluded from these data?

Accepted Answer

A)  fast, fatigable motor units are the predominant muscle types in cats 
B)  fast, fatigue-resistant motor units respond to repeated stimuli with contractions that do not diminish in force even after several minutes of repetitive stimulation 
C)  fast, fatigable motor units respond to repeated stimuli with contractions that do not diminish in force even after several minutes of repetitive stimulation 
D)  slow, highly fatigue-resistant motor units respond to repeated stimuli with contractions that do not diminish in force even after 3 hours of repetitive stimulation 
A)  fast, fatigable motor units are the predominant muscle types in cats 
B)  fast, fatigue-resistant motor units respond to repeated stimuli with contractions that do not diminish in force even after several minutes of repetitive stimulation 
C)  fast, fatigable motor units respond to repeated stimuli with contractions that do not diminish in force even after several minutes of repetitive stimulation 
D)  slow, highly fatigue-resistant motor units respond to repeated stimuli with contractions that do not diminish in force even after 3 hours of repetitive stimulation

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement regarding skeletal muscle?

Accepted Answer

A)  Skeletal muscle cells develop from the fusion of precursor cells and may contain multiple nuclei. 
B)  A single muscle fiber contains multiple myofibrils. 
C)  Each myofibril is an independent muscle fiber and is enclosed by the sarcolemma. 
D)  The extracellular solution enters the muscle fiber via the T-tubules. 
A)  Skeletal muscle cells develop from the fusion of precursor cells and may contain multiple nuclei. 
B)  A single muscle fiber contains multiple myofibrils. 
C)  Each myofibril is an independent muscle fiber and is enclosed by the sarcolemma. 
D)  The extracellular solution enters the muscle fiber via the T-tubules.

Question 14

Discriminate between the different types of muscle tissue described in Chapter 8. Choose which muscle type is most consistent with each statement below, and write one of the following in each blank: skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle.
-___________________ attachment to skin

Accepted Answer

The muscle type that has attachment to s

Question 15

Explain how a cardiac myocyte in the sinoatrial (SA) node can contract rhythmically. In your explanation, be sure to discuss the role of voltage-gated sodium and calcium channels, as well as hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide (HCN) channels.

Accepted Answer

Cardiac myocytes in the sinoatrial (SA)

Question 16

Which region of the brain is associated with normal, daily fluctuations in hormone levels?

Accepted Answer

A)  bed nucleus of stria terminalis 
B)  suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus 
C)  supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus 
D)  periventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus 
E)  all of the above 
A)  bed nucleus of stria terminalis 
B)  suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus 
C)  supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus 
D)  periventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus 
E)  all of the above

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT an example of smooth muscle tissue?

Accepted Answer

A)  muscles that control pupil diameter 
B)  the muscle wall of the bladder 
C)  muscle that enables you to move your index finger 
D)  muscle that surrounds blood vessels 
E)  muscle that causes your body hairs to stand up 
A)  muscles that control pupil diameter 
B)  the muscle wall of the bladder 
C)  muscle that enables you to move your index finger 
D)  muscle that surrounds blood vessels 
E)  muscle that causes your body hairs to stand up

Question 18

A patient is seen in at a neurology clinic, with generalized muscle weakness. Nerve conduction is normal. Based on the information presented in this chapter, the patient may have which of the following conditions?

Accepted Answer

A)  Tetanus 
B)  Rigor mortis 
C)  Mysasthenia gravis 
D)  All of the above 
A)  Tetanus 
B)  Rigor mortis 
C)  Mysasthenia gravis 
D)  All of the above

Question 19

Analyze figure 8.7. In the text Which of the following can be concluded from these data?

Accepted Answer

A)  Each motor neuron innervates multiple muscle fibers 
B)  Each motor neuron innervates muscle fibers of the same type (fast, fatigable, fast, fatigue-resistant, etc.) 
C)  alpha-bungarotoxin leads to muscle weakness by inhibiting the detection of acetylcholine 
D)  motor neurons synapse at locations that may or may not contain acetylcholine receptors 
E)  all of the above can be concluded from these data 
A)  Each motor neuron innervates multiple muscle fibers 
B)  Each motor neuron innervates muscle fibers of the same type (fast, fatigable, fast, fatigue-resistant, etc.) 
C)  alpha-bungarotoxin leads to muscle weakness by inhibiting the detection of acetylcholine 
D)  motor neurons synapse at locations that may or may not contain acetylcholine receptors 
E)  all of the above can be concluded from these data

Question 20

Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding the muscle fibers innervated by a single motor neuron?

Accepted Answer

A)  The motor neuron, along with the muscle fibers, are known as a motor unit 
B)  The muscle fibers generally each express the same isoform of myosin 
C)  The muscle fibers are generally all of the same type (fast, fatigable; fast, fatigue-resistant, etc.) 
D)  all of the above 
A)  The motor neuron, along with the muscle fibers, are known as a motor unit 
B)  The muscle fibers generally each express the same isoform of myosin 
C)  The muscle fibers are generally all of the same type (fast, fatigable; fast, fatigue-resistant, etc.) 
D)  all of the above

Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding effectors?

Compare and contrast the neurons that innervate the anterior and posterior pituitary. Which statement is NOT accurate?

Construct an argument that stress impacts the ability to recall information. Justify your response with data from experiments that have investigated stress hormones and their impact on memory functions.

Create a Venn diagram that illustrates similarities and differences in cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscle. You must include at least 8 features of each cell type in the diagram. Note that some of the 8 will be shared-so you do not need 8 unique features for each.

Compare and contrast smooth, skeletal, and cardiac muscle. Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement?

The end of chapter 8 states that brain regions are multifunctional. Choose 3 brain regions and design a graphic that shows at least two functions associated with each area. In your description of each function, include evidence that the function is associated with that particular area of the brain.

Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding the organization of motor neurons and muscle fibers?

Analyze Figure 8.16B. In the text Which of the following can you conclude from these data?

Which is an accurate statement regarding oxytocin release from the posterior pituitary gland?

Compare and contrast the terminology used to describe muscle fibers with other terms used to describe other cell types. Which of the following statements is NOT accurate?

Which as an accurate statement regarding insect flight in bees and flies?

Analyze figure 8.8. In the text Which of the following can be concluded from these data?

Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement regarding skeletal muscle?

Discriminate between the different types of muscle tissue described in Chapter 8. Choose which muscle type is most consistent with each statement below, and write one of the following in each blank: skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle. -___________________ attachment to skin

Explain how a cardiac myocyte in the sinoatrial (SA) node can contract rhythmically. In your explanation, be sure to discuss the role of voltage-gated sodium and calcium channels, as well as hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide (HCN) channels.

Which region of the brain is associated with normal, daily fluctuations in hormone levels?

Which of the following is NOT an example of smooth muscle tissue?

A patient is seen in at a neurology clinic, with generalized muscle weakness. Nerve conduction is normal. Based on the information presented in this chapter, the patient may have which of the following conditions?

Analyze figure 8.7. In the text Which of the following can be concluded from these data?

Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding the muscle fibers innervated by a single motor neuron?

Nervous System Organization

Computing With Neurons

Neuronal Plasticity

Developing a Nervous System

Protecting and Maintaining the Adult Nervous System

Sensors I: Remote Sensing

Sensors II: Sensing on Contact

Regulating Vital Bodily Functions

Controlling Posture and Locomotion

Localizing Stimuli and Orienting in Space

Identifying Stimuli and Stimulus Objects

Regulating Brain States

Remembering Relationships

Selecting Actions, Pursuing Goals

Being Different From Others

Filters

Exam 8: Using Muscles and Glands

Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding effectors?

Compare and contrast the neurons that innervate the anterior and posterior pituitary. Which statement is NOT accurate?

Construct an argument that stress impacts the ability to recall information. Justify your response with data from experiments that have investigated stress hormones and their impact on memory functions.

Create a Venn diagram that illustrates similarities and differences in cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscle. You must include at least 8 features of each cell type in the diagram. Note that some of the 8 will be shared-so you do not need 8 unique features for each.

Compare and contrast smooth, skeletal, and cardiac muscle. Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement?

The end of chapter 8 states that brain regions are multifunctional. Choose 3 brain regions and design a graphic that shows at least two functions associated with each area. In your description of each function, include evidence that the function is associated with that particular area of the brain.

Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding the organization of motor neurons and muscle fibers?

Analyze Figure 8.16B. In the text Which of the following can you conclude from these data?

Which is an accurate statement regarding oxytocin release from the posterior pituitary gland?

Compare and contrast the terminology used to describe muscle fibers with other terms used to describe other cell types. Which of the following statements is NOT accurate?

Which as an accurate statement regarding insect flight in bees and flies?

Analyze figure 8.8. In the text Which of the following can be concluded from these data?

Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement regarding skeletal muscle?

Discriminate between the different types of muscle tissue described in Chapter 8. Choose which muscle type is most consistent with each statement below, and write one of the following in each blank: skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle. -___________________ attachment to skin

Explain how a cardiac myocyte in the sinoatrial (SA) node can contract rhythmically. In your explanation, be sure to discuss the role of voltage-gated sodium and calcium channels, as well as hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide (HCN) channels.

Which region of the brain is associated with normal, daily fluctuations in hormone levels?

Which of the following is NOT an example of smooth muscle tissue?

A patient is seen in at a neurology clinic, with generalized muscle weakness. Nerve conduction is normal. Based on the information presented in this chapter, the patient may have which of the following conditions?

Analyze figure 8.7. In the text Which of the following can be concluded from these data?

Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding the muscle fibers innervated by a single motor neuron?

Nervous System Organization

Computing With Neurons

Neuronal Plasticity

Developing a Nervous System

Protecting and Maintaining the Adult Nervous System

Sensors I: Remote Sensing

Sensors II: Sensing on Contact

Regulating Vital Bodily Functions

Controlling Posture and Locomotion

Localizing Stimuli and Orienting in Space

Identifying Stimuli and Stimulus Objects

Regulating Brain States

Remembering Relationships

Selecting Actions, Pursuing Goals

Being Different From Others

Filters