Question 1

Some individuals inherit a gene that results in dangerously high blood cholesterol due to impaired ________ of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs).

Accepted Answer

endocytosis
The defective gene inhibits the synthesis of LDL protein receptors on the cell membrane.This impairs endocytosis of LDL.High levels of LDL in the blood predispose to atherosclerosis.

Question 2

The benefit of glycolysis is that this phase supplies

Accepted Answer

A)  ATP to meet energy needs of the body. 
B)  pyruvate to the citric acid cycle. 
C)  energy for oxidative phosphorylation 
D)  lactate during anaerobic conditions. 
A)  ATP to meet energy needs of the body. 
B)  pyruvate to the citric acid cycle. 
C)  energy for oxidative phosphorylation 
D)  lactate during anaerobic conditions. B

Question 3

Ion channels open and close in response to all the following except

Accepted Answer

A)  mechanical pressure. 
B)  ligand binding. 
C)  voltage changes. 
D)  temperature changes. 
A)  mechanical pressure. 
B)  ligand binding. 
C)  voltage changes. 
D)  temperature changes. D

Question 4

Cell-to-cell communication through secretion of chemical signals into the bloodstream to target cells throughout the body is called _____ signaling.

Accepted Answer

A)  synaptic 
B)  paracrine 
C)  endocrine 
D)  autocrine 
A)  synaptic 
B)  paracrine 
C)  endocrine 
D)  autocrine

Question 5

An increase in extracellular potassium ion from 4.0 to 6.0 mEq/L would

Accepted Answer

A)  hyperpolarize the resting membrane potential. 
B)  make it more difficult to reach threshold and produce an action potential. 
C)  hypopolarize the resting membrane potential. 
D)  alter the threshold potential. 
A)  hyperpolarize the resting membrane potential. 
B)  make it more difficult to reach threshold and produce an action potential. 
C)  hypopolarize the resting membrane potential. 
D)  alter the threshold potential.

Question 6

Excitable cells are able to conduct action potentials because they have

Accepted Answer

A)  receptors for neurotransmitters. 
B)  tight junctions. 
C)  ligand-gated channels. 
D)  voltage-gated channels. 
A)  receptors for neurotransmitters. 
B)  tight junctions. 
C)  ligand-gated channels. 
D)  voltage-gated channels.

Question 7

The phase of cellular metabolism in which energy is released during breakdown of nutrient sources is ________.

Accepted Answer

CATABOLISM
Catabolism involves energy re

Question 8

The cardiac drug digitalis enhances myocardial contraction, because it

Accepted Answer

A)  increases intracellular calcium level in cardiac cells. 
B)  inhibits sodium from entering cardiac cells. 
C)  enhances the sodium-potassium pump. 
D)  increases the sodium gradient across the cell membrane. 
A)  increases intracellular calcium level in cardiac cells. 
B)  inhibits sodium from entering cardiac cells. 
C)  enhances the sodium-potassium pump. 
D)  increases the sodium gradient across the cell membrane.

Question 9

The resting membrane potential in nerve and skeletal muscle is determined primarily by

Accepted Answer

A)  extracellular sodium ion concentration. 
B)  the ratio of intracellular to extracellular potassium ions. 
C)  activation of voltage-gated sodium channels. 
D)  activity of energy-dependent membrane pumps. 
A)  extracellular sodium ion concentration. 
B)  the ratio of intracellular to extracellular potassium ions. 
C)  activation of voltage-gated sodium channels. 
D)  activity of energy-dependent membrane pumps.

Question 10

Phospholipids spontaneously form lipid bilayers, because they are

Accepted Answer

A)  polar. 
B)  charged. 
C)  insoluble. 
D)  amphipathic. 
A)  polar. 
B)  charged. 
C)  insoluble. 
D)  amphipathic.

Question 11

Glycolysis is the metabolic process of breaking down a glucose molecule to form

Accepted Answer

A)  CO₂ and H₂O. 
B)  2 ATP and 2 pyruvate. 
C)  30 ATP. 
D)  oxygen. 
A)  CO₂ and H₂O. 
B)  2 ATP and 2 pyruvate. 
C)  30 ATP. 
D)  oxygen.

Question 12

During conditions of prolonged insufficient oxygen availability (e.g., respiratory or cardiovascular disease)anaerobic glycolysis accumulated pyruvate can lead to _____ acidosis.

Accepted Answer

lactic
Pyruvate is converted t

Question 13

Ribosomes are very important organelles within the cell that have the function of

Accepted Answer

A)  detoxifying substances. 
B)  synthesizing proteins. 
C)  converting energy to forms that can be used. 
D)  coding for protein synthesis. 
A)  detoxifying substances. 
B)  synthesizing proteins. 
C)  converting energy to forms that can be used. 
D)  coding for protein synthesis.

Question 14

The organelle that contains enzymes necessary for oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP is the

Accepted Answer

A)  mitochondria. 
B)  ribosome. 
C)  lysosome. 
D)  nucleus. 
A)  mitochondria. 
B)  ribosome. 
C)  lysosome. 
D)  nucleus.

Question 15

Gap junctions are connecting channels that allow passage of small molecules from one cell to the next and are especially important for

Accepted Answer

A)  distance signaling. 
B)  tissues requiring synchronized function. 
C)  communication within a cell. 
D)  passage of large molecules. 
A)  distance signaling. 
B)  tissues requiring synchronized function. 
C)  communication within a cell. 
D)  passage of large molecules.

Question 16

GTP-binding proteins (G proteins)function to

Accepted Answer

A)  activate receptors on the extracellular surface. 
B)  degrade second-messenger molecules. 
C)  activate intracellular enzyme systems. 
D)  synthesize ATP. 
A)  activate receptors on the extracellular surface. 
B)  degrade second-messenger molecules. 
C)  activate intracellular enzyme systems. 
D)  synthesize ATP.

Question 17

Repolarization of a neuron after a depolarizing action potential is due to

Accepted Answer

A)  activation of the Na+-K+ pump. 
B)  influx of calcium. 
C)  efflux of potassium. 
D)  influx of sodium. 
A)  activation of the Na+-K+ pump. 
B)  influx of calcium. 
C)  efflux of potassium. 
D)  influx of sodium.

Exam 3: Cell Structure and Function

Some individuals inherit a gene that results in dangerously high blood cholesterol due to impaired ________ of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs).

The benefit of glycolysis is that this phase supplies

Ion channels open and close in response to all the following except

Cell-to-cell communication through secretion of chemical signals into the bloodstream to target cells throughout the body is called _____ signaling.

An increase in extracellular potassium ion from 4.0 to 6.0 mEq/L would

Excitable cells are able to conduct action potentials because they have

The phase of cellular metabolism in which energy is released during breakdown of nutrient sources is ________.

The cardiac drug digitalis enhances myocardial contraction, because it

The resting membrane potential in nerve and skeletal muscle is determined primarily by

Phospholipids spontaneously form lipid bilayers, because they are

Glycolysis is the metabolic process of breaking down a glucose molecule to form

During conditions of prolonged insufficient oxygen availability (e.g., respiratory or cardiovascular disease)anaerobic glycolysis accumulated pyruvate can lead to _____ acidosis.

Ribosomes are very important organelles within the cell that have the function of

The organelle that contains enzymes necessary for oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP is the

Gap junctions are connecting channels that allow passage of small molecules from one cell to the next and are especially important for

GTP-binding proteins (G proteins)function to

Repolarization of a neuron after a depolarizing action potential is due to

Introduction to Pathophysiology

Homeostasis and Adaptive Responses to Stressors

Cell Injury, Aging, and Death

Genome Structure, Regulation, and Tissue Differentiation

Genetic and Developmental Disorders

Neoplasia

Infectious Processes

Inflammation and Immunity

Alterations in Immune Function

Malignant Disorders of White Blood Cells

HIV Disease and AIDS

Alterations in Oxygen Transport

Alterations in Hemostasis and Blood Coagulation

Alterations in Blood Flow

Alterations in Blood Pressure

Cardiac Function

Alterations in Cardiac Function

Heart Failure and Dysrhythmias: Common Sequelae of Cardiac Diseases

Shock

Respiratory Function and Alterations in Gas Exchange

Obstructive Pulmonary Disorders

Restrictive Pulmonary Disorders

Fluid and Electrolyte Homeostasis and Imbalances

Acid-Base Homeostasis and Imbalances

Renal Function

Intrarenal Disorders

Acute Kidney Injury and Chronic Kidney Disease

Disorders of the Lower Urinary Tract

Male Genital and Reproductive Function

Alterations in Male Genital and Reproductive Function

Female Genital and Reproductive Function

Alterations in Female Genital and Reproductive Function

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Gastrointestinal Function

Gastrointestinal Disorders

Alterations in Function of the Gallbladder and Exocrine Pancreas

Liver Diseases

Endocrine Physiology and Mechanisms of Hypothalamic-Pituitary Regulation

Disorders of Endocrine Function

Diabetes Mellitus

Alterations in Metabolism and Nutrition

Structure and Function of the Nervous System

Acute Disorders of Brain Function

Chronic Disorders of Neurologic Function

Alterations in Special Sensory Function

Pain

Neurobiology of Psychotic Illnesses

Neurobiology of Nonpsychotic Illnesses

Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System

Alterations in Musculoskeletal Function: Trauma, Infection, and Disease

Alterations in Musculoskeletal Function: Rheumatic Disorders

Alterations in the Integumentary System

Burn Injuries

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