Question 1

What age group has a larger volume of extracellular fluid than intracellular fluid?

Accepted Answer

A)  Infants 
B)  Adolescents 
C)  Young adults 
D)  Older adults 
A)  Infants 
B)  Adolescents 
C)  Young adults 
D)  Older adults

Question 2

Clinical manifestations of extracellular fluid volume deficit include

Accepted Answer

A)  weak pulse, low blood pressure, and increased heart rate. 
B)  thirst, dry mucous membranes, and diarrhea. 
C)  confusion, lethargy, coma, and perhaps seizures. 
D)  cardiac dysrhythmias, paresthesias, and muscle weakness. 
A)  weak pulse, low blood pressure, and increased heart rate. 
B)  thirst, dry mucous membranes, and diarrhea. 
C)  confusion, lethargy, coma, and perhaps seizures. 
D)  cardiac dysrhythmias, paresthesias, and muscle weakness.

Question 3

What is likely to lead to hyponatremia?

Accepted Answer

A)  Insufficient ADH secretion 
B)  Excess aldosterone secretion 
C)  Administration of intravenous normal saline 
D)  Frequent nasogastric tube irrigation with water 
A)  Insufficient ADH secretion 
B)  Excess aldosterone secretion 
C)  Administration of intravenous normal saline 
D)  Frequent nasogastric tube irrigation with water

Question 4

Decreased neuromuscular excitability is often the result of

Accepted Answer

A)  hypercalcemia and hypermagnesemia. 
B)  hypomagnesemia and hyperkalemia. 
C)  hypocalcemia and hypokalemia. 
D)  hypernatremia and hypomagnesemia. 
A)  hypercalcemia and hypermagnesemia. 
B)  hypomagnesemia and hyperkalemia. 
C)  hypocalcemia and hypokalemia. 
D)  hypernatremia and hypomagnesemia.

Question 5

Which alterations can lead to edema?

Accepted Answer

A)  Decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure 
B)  Increased capillary colloid osmotic pressure 
C)  Decreased lymphatic flow 
D)  Decreased capillary membrane permeability 
A)  Decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure 
B)  Increased capillary colloid osmotic pressure 
C)  Decreased lymphatic flow 
D)  Decreased capillary membrane permeability

Question 6

Effects of hypernatremia on the central nervous system typically include

Accepted Answer

A)  confusion. 
B)  excitation. 
C)  insomnia. 
D)  hallucinations. 
A)  confusion. 
B)  excitation. 
C)  insomnia. 
D)  hallucinations.

Question 7

Osmoreceptors located in the hypothalamus control the release of

Accepted Answer

A)  angiotensin. 
B)  atrial natriuretic peptide. 
C)  aldosterone. 
D)  vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone, ADH). 
A)  angiotensin. 
B)  atrial natriuretic peptide. 
C)  aldosterone. 
D)  vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone, ADH).

Question 8

What form of oral rehydration, bottled water or salty broth, is best suited for a patient who is demonstrating signs of clinical dehydration?

Accepted Answer

A)  Bottled water, because he is so weak that he might choke on the fluid when he swallows, and water would be less damaging to the lungs than salty soup 
B)  Bottled water, because it will rehydrate his cells 
C)  Salty soup, because he needs nutrition as well as fluid 
D)  Salty soup, because it will provide some sodium to help hold the fluid in his blood vessels and interstitial fluid 
A)  Bottled water, because he is so weak that he might choke on the fluid when he swallows, and water would be less damaging to the lungs than salty soup 
B)  Bottled water, because it will rehydrate his cells 
C)  Salty soup, because he needs nutrition as well as fluid 
D)  Salty soup, because it will provide some sodium to help hold the fluid in his blood vessels and interstitial fluid

Question 9

Excessive antidiuretic hormone (ADH)secretion can cause _____ concentration.

Accepted Answer

A)  increased serum sodium 
B)  decreased serum sodium 
C)  increased serum potassium 
D)  decreased serum potassium 
A)  increased serum sodium 
B)  decreased serum sodium 
C)  increased serum potassium 
D)  decreased serum potassium

Question 10

Clinical manifestations of hyponatremia include

Accepted Answer

A)  weak pulse, low blood pressure, and increased heart rate. 
B)  thirst, dry mucous membranes, and diarrhea. 
C)  confusion, lethargy, coma, and perhaps seizures. 
D)  cardiac dysrhythmias, paresthesias, and muscle weakness. 
A)  weak pulse, low blood pressure, and increased heart rate. 
B)  thirst, dry mucous membranes, and diarrhea. 
C)  confusion, lethargy, coma, and perhaps seizures. 
D)  cardiac dysrhythmias, paresthesias, and muscle weakness.

Question 11

Manifestations from sodium imbalances occur primarily due to

Accepted Answer

A)  cellular fluid shifts. 
B)  vascular collapse. 
C)  hyperosmolarity. 
D)  hypervolemia. 
A)  cellular fluid shifts. 
B)  vascular collapse. 
C)  hyperosmolarity. 
D)  hypervolemia.

Question 12

A patient, who is 8 months pregnant, has developed eclampsia and is receiving intravenous magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures.To determine if her infusion rate is too high, you should regularly

Accepted Answer

A)  check the patellar reflex; if it becomes more and more hyperactive, her infusion rate probably is too high and she is at risk for respiratory depression or cardiac arrest. 
B)  check the patellar reflex; if it becomes weak or absent, her infusion rate probably is too high and she is at risk for respiratory depression or cardiac arrest. 
C)  check the patellar reflex; if it stays the same, her infusion rate probably is too high and she is at risk for respiratory depression or cardiac arrest. 
D)  check for seizure activity; if no seizures occur, her infusion rate is correct. 
A)  check the patellar reflex; if it becomes more and more hyperactive, her infusion rate probably is too high and she is at risk for respiratory depression or cardiac arrest. 
B)  check the patellar reflex; if it becomes weak or absent, her infusion rate probably is too high and she is at risk for respiratory depression or cardiac arrest. 
C)  check the patellar reflex; if it stays the same, her infusion rate probably is too high and she is at risk for respiratory depression or cardiac arrest. 
D)  check for seizure activity; if no seizures occur, her infusion rate is correct.

Question 13

The inward-pulling force of particles in the vascular fluid is called _____ pressure.

Accepted Answer

A)  capillary hydrostatic 
B)  interstitial osmotic 
C)  capillary osmotic 
D)  interstitial hydrostatic 
A)  capillary hydrostatic 
B)  interstitial osmotic 
C)  capillary osmotic 
D)  interstitial hydrostatic

Question 14

An increase in the resting membrane potential (hyperpolarized)is associated with

Accepted Answer

A)  hypokalemia. 
B)  hyperkalemia. 
C)  hypocalcemia. 
D)  hypercalcemia. 
A)  hypokalemia. 
B)  hyperkalemia. 
C)  hypocalcemia. 
D)  hypercalcemia.

Question 15

A patient who reports an intestinal fistula also reports feeling "weak and dizzy" when she stands.While taking her blood pressure she becomes temporarily unresponsive but quickly regains consciousness when put into a supine position.What nursing interventions will the nurse implement before calling the physician?

Accepted Answer

A)  Sit her up again, with proper support, so you can have an accurate upright blood pressure and heart rate to report. 
B)  Give her a drink of water or juice, talk with her to calm her down, and ask if she slept well last night. 
C)  Give her water or juice and some salty crackers and ask if she has had any diarrhea or vomiting. 
D)  Assess small vein filling time, look for ankle edema, and ask if she had any fluid to drink yet today. 
A)  Sit her up again, with proper support, so you can have an accurate upright blood pressure and heart rate to report. 
B)  Give her a drink of water or juice, talk with her to calm her down, and ask if she slept well last night. 
C)  Give her water or juice and some salty crackers and ask if she has had any diarrhea or vomiting. 
D)  Assess small vein filling time, look for ankle edema, and ask if she had any fluid to drink yet today.

Question 16

Clinical manifestations of moderate to severe hypokalemia include

Accepted Answer

A)  muscle spasms and rapid respirations. 
B)  muscle weakness and cardiac dysrhythmias. 
C)  confusion and irritability. 
D)  vomiting and diarrhea. 
A)  muscle spasms and rapid respirations. 
B)  muscle weakness and cardiac dysrhythmias. 
C)  confusion and irritability. 
D)  vomiting and diarrhea.

Question 17

A person who has hyperparathyroidism is likely to develop

Accepted Answer

A)  hypokalemia. 
B)  hyperkalemia. 
C)  hypocalcemia. 
D)  hypercalcemia. 
A)  hypokalemia. 
B)  hyperkalemia. 
C)  hypocalcemia. 
D)  hypercalcemia.

Question 18

When a parent asks how they will know if their 2-month-old baby, who is throwing up and has frequent diarrhea, is dehydrated, the nurse's best response is

Accepted Answer

A)  "Clinical dehydration is the combination of extracellular fluid volume deficit and hypernatremia, so those are the diagnostic criteria." 
B)  "If he doesn't wet his diaper all afternoon and his neck veins look flat when he is lying down, then he is probably dehydrated." 
C)  "If he sleeps more than usual and acts tired when he is awake, then he is probably dehydrated." 
D)  "If the soft spot on the top of his head feels sunken in and his mouth is dry between his cheek and his gums, then he is probably dehydrated." 
A)  "Clinical dehydration is the combination of extracellular fluid volume deficit and hypernatremia, so those are the diagnostic criteria." 
B)  "If he doesn't wet his diaper all afternoon and his neck veins look flat when he is lying down, then he is probably dehydrated." 
C)  "If he sleeps more than usual and acts tired when he is awake, then he is probably dehydrated." 
D)  "If the soft spot on the top of his head feels sunken in and his mouth is dry between his cheek and his gums, then he is probably dehydrated."

Question 19

A person who overuses magnesium-aluminum antacids for a long period of time is likely to develop

Accepted Answer

A)  hypokalemia. 
B)  hyperkalemia. 
C)  hypophosphatemia. 
D)  hyperphosphatemia. 
A)  hypokalemia. 
B)  hyperkalemia. 
C)  hypophosphatemia. 
D)  hyperphosphatemia.

Question 20

Which change in a patient's assessment has the greatest urgency?

Accepted Answer

A)  Serum potassium concentration is decreasing; abdominal distention, but denies any difficulty breathing 
B)  Serum calcium concentration is decreasing; reports constipation; is alert and denies any discomfort 
C)  Serum calcium concentration is increasing; reports constipation; is alert and denies any discomfort 
D)  Serum potassium concentration is increasing; has developed cardiac dysrhythmias, but denies any difficulty breathing 
A)  Serum potassium concentration is decreasing; abdominal distention, but denies any difficulty breathing 
B)  Serum calcium concentration is decreasing; reports constipation; is alert and denies any discomfort 
C)  Serum calcium concentration is increasing; reports constipation; is alert and denies any discomfort 
D)  Serum potassium concentration is increasing; has developed cardiac dysrhythmias, but denies any difficulty breathing

Exam 24: Fluid and Electrolyte Homeostasis and Imbalances

What age group has a larger volume of extracellular fluid than intracellular fluid?

Clinical manifestations of extracellular fluid volume deficit include

What is likely to lead to hyponatremia?

Decreased neuromuscular excitability is often the result of

Which alterations can lead to edema?

Effects of hypernatremia on the central nervous system typically include

Osmoreceptors located in the hypothalamus control the release of

What form of oral rehydration, bottled water or salty broth, is best suited for a patient who is demonstrating signs of clinical dehydration?

Excessive antidiuretic hormone (ADH)secretion can cause _____ concentration.

Clinical manifestations of hyponatremia include

Manifestations from sodium imbalances occur primarily due to

A patient, who is 8 months pregnant, has developed eclampsia and is receiving intravenous magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures.To determine if her infusion rate is too high, you should regularly

The inward-pulling force of particles in the vascular fluid is called _____ pressure.

An increase in the resting membrane potential (hyperpolarized)is associated with

Clinical manifestations of moderate to severe hypokalemia include

A person who has hyperparathyroidism is likely to develop

When a parent asks how they will know if their 2-month-old baby, who is throwing up and has frequent diarrhea, is dehydrated, the nurse's best response is

A person who overuses magnesium-aluminum antacids for a long period of time is likely to develop

Which change in a patient's assessment has the greatest urgency?

Introduction to Pathophysiology

Homeostasis and Adaptive Responses to Stressors

Cell Structure and Function

Cell Injury, Aging, and Death

Genome Structure, Regulation, and Tissue Differentiation

Genetic and Developmental Disorders

Neoplasia

Infectious Processes

Inflammation and Immunity

Alterations in Immune Function

Malignant Disorders of White Blood Cells

HIV Disease and AIDS

Alterations in Oxygen Transport

Alterations in Hemostasis and Blood Coagulation

Alterations in Blood Flow

Alterations in Blood Pressure

Cardiac Function

Alterations in Cardiac Function

Heart Failure and Dysrhythmias: Common Sequelae of Cardiac Diseases

Shock

Respiratory Function and Alterations in Gas Exchange

Obstructive Pulmonary Disorders

Restrictive Pulmonary Disorders

Acid-Base Homeostasis and Imbalances

Renal Function

Intrarenal Disorders

Acute Kidney Injury and Chronic Kidney Disease

Disorders of the Lower Urinary Tract

Male Genital and Reproductive Function

Alterations in Male Genital and Reproductive Function

Female Genital and Reproductive Function

Alterations in Female Genital and Reproductive Function

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Gastrointestinal Function

Gastrointestinal Disorders

Alterations in Function of the Gallbladder and Exocrine Pancreas

Liver Diseases

Endocrine Physiology and Mechanisms of Hypothalamic-Pituitary Regulation

Disorders of Endocrine Function

Diabetes Mellitus

Alterations in Metabolism and Nutrition

Structure and Function of the Nervous System

Acute Disorders of Brain Function

Chronic Disorders of Neurologic Function

Alterations in Special Sensory Function

Pain

Neurobiology of Psychotic Illnesses

Neurobiology of Nonpsychotic Illnesses

Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System

Alterations in Musculoskeletal Function: Trauma, Infection, and Disease

Alterations in Musculoskeletal Function: Rheumatic Disorders

Alterations in the Integumentary System

Burn Injuries

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