Question 1

By age 4, children typically

Accepted Answer

A)  infer appropriate motives and feelings when given a trait label. 
B)  include both positive and negative attributes in their self-descriptions. 
C)  realize that psychological qualities often change from one situation to the next. 
D)  are preoccupied with being liked by adults and peers. 
A)  infer appropriate motives and feelings when given a trait label. 
B)  include both positive and negative attributes in their self-descriptions. 
C)  realize that psychological qualities often change from one situation to the next. 
D)  are preoccupied with being liked by adults and peers.

Question 2

Because of the effect of gender-stereotyped expectations,

Accepted Answer

A)  boys feel less confident than girls about their athletic abilities. 
B)  girls feel more confident than boys about their physical appearance. 
C)  girls exceed boys in self-esteem dimensions of close friendship and social acceptance. 
D)  boys are somewhat advantaged in the area of academic self-esteem. 
A)  boys feel less confident than girls about their athletic abilities. 
B)  girls feel more confident than boys about their physical appearance. 
C)  girls exceed boys in self-esteem dimensions of close friendship and social acceptance. 
D)  boys are somewhat advantaged in the area of academic self-esteem.

Question 3

During childhood and adolescence, perceived __________ correlates more strongly with global self-esteem than any other self-esteem factor.

Accepted Answer

A)  physical/athletic ability 
B)  academic competence 
C)  physical appearance 
D)  social competence 
A)  physical/athletic ability 
B)  academic competence 
C)  physical appearance 
D)  social competence

Question 4

Newborns' remarkable capacity for __________ supports the beginnings of self-awareness.

Accepted Answer

A)  intermodal perception 
B)  attribution training 
C)  empathetic responding 
D)  social cognition 
A)  intermodal perception 
B)  attribution training 
C)  empathetic responding 
D)  social cognition

Question 5

Between the mid-1960s and the mid-1990s, the rate of adolescent suicide __________ in both the United States and Canada.

Accepted Answer

A)  doubled 
B)  tripled 
C)  quadrupled 
D)  remained the same 
A)  doubled 
B)  tripled 
C)  quadrupled 
D)  remained the same

Question 6

Research on the self-concept shows that, compared with school-age children, older adolescents place more emphasis on

Accepted Answer

A)  observable characteristics. 
B)  special competencies. 
C)  personality traits. 
D)  personal and moral values. 
A)  observable characteristics. 
B)  special competencies. 
C)  personality traits. 
D)  personal and moral values.

Question 7

How do children use their categorical self in the development of their self-awareness?

Accepted Answer

Language permits children to represent a

Question 8

Which of the following statements is true regarding influences on self-concept?

Accepted Answer

A)  Formal operational thought transforms toddlers' self-vision into an internally consistent picture. 
B)  Parental support contributes vitally to the clarity and optimism of children's self-concepts. 
C)  Authoritarian parents tend to foster a realistic and positive self-concept in their children. 
D)  School-age children with a history of elaborative parent-child conversations form incomplete self-concepts. 
A)  Formal operational thought transforms toddlers' self-vision into an internally consistent picture. 
B)  Parental support contributes vitally to the clarity and optimism of children's self-concepts. 
C)  Authoritarian parents tend to foster a realistic and positive self-concept in their children. 
D)  School-age children with a history of elaborative parent-child conversations form incomplete self-concepts.

Question 9

Gains in cognitive inhibition predict __________ particularly strongly, perhaps because children must suppress __________ responses.

Accepted Answer

A)  false-belief understanding; irrelevant 
B)  high self-esteem; immature 
C)  theory of mind; false-belief 
D)  self-awareness; egocentric 
A)  false-belief understanding; irrelevant 
B)  high self-esteem; immature 
C)  theory of mind; false-belief 
D)  self-awareness; egocentric

Question 10

The best way to foster a positive, secure self-image is to

Accepted Answer

A)  encourage children to strive for worthwhile goals. 
B)  compliment children whenever possible. 
C)  have children compete in a sport in which they can excel. 
D)  emphasize the importance of academic achievement. 
A)  encourage children to strive for worthwhile goals. 
B)  compliment children whenever possible. 
C)  have children compete in a sport in which they can excel. 
D)  emphasize the importance of academic achievement.

Question 11

Under what circumstances are minority youths likely to rebel, rejecting aspects of their ethnic background?

Accepted Answer

A)  when they attend racially diverse schools 
B)  when immigrant parents who fear assimilation tightly restrict their teenagers 
C)  when they progress from identity diffusion to identity achievement 
D)  when they overcome acculturative stress 
A)  when they attend racially diverse schools 
B)  when immigrant parents who fear assimilation tightly restrict their teenagers 
C)  when they progress from identity diffusion to identity achievement 
D)  when they overcome acculturative stress

Question 12

For most young people, identity development

Accepted Answer

A)  involves a major crisis. 
B)  is complete by age 13. 
C)  emerges spontaneously, with little time devoted to exploration. 
D)  is a process of exploration followed by commitment. 
A)  involves a major crisis. 
B)  is complete by age 13. 
C)  emerges spontaneously, with little time devoted to exploration. 
D)  is a process of exploration followed by commitment.

Question 13

Research on self-esteem indicates that.

Accepted Answer

A)  children benefit from frequent compliments, regardless of whether they are based on actual attainment. 
B)  the self-esteem of U.S. youths dropped sharply from the 1970s to the 1990s. 
C)  children do not benefit from compliments that have no basis in real attainment. 
D)  overly tolerant, indulgent parenting is linked to low self-esteem. 
A)  children benefit from frequent compliments, regardless of whether they are based on actual attainment. 
B)  the self-esteem of U.S. youths dropped sharply from the 1970s to the 1990s. 
C)  children do not benefit from compliments that have no basis in real attainment. 
D)  overly tolerant, indulgent parenting is linked to low self-esteem.

Question 14

Which of the following statements describes the relationship between toddlers' sense of self and possessiveness?

Accepted Answer

A)  Toddlers with a weak sense of self are likely to argue loudly in a dispute over an object. 
B)  The stronger toddlers' self-definition, the more possessive they tend to be. 
C)  The weaker toddlers' self-definition, the more possessive they tend to be. 
D)  Toddlers must develop a sense of ownership before they can develop a sense of self-recognition. 
A)  Toddlers with a weak sense of self are likely to argue loudly in a dispute over an object. 
B)  The stronger toddlers' self-definition, the more possessive they tend to be. 
C)  The weaker toddlers' self-definition, the more possessive they tend to be. 
D)  Toddlers must develop a sense of ownership before they can develop a sense of self-recognition.

Question 15

False-belief understanding is linked to gains in young children's capacity to

Accepted Answer

A)  discuss thoughts and feelings in conversations with friends. 
B)  correctly identify risky social situations. 
C)  understand that people always act consistently with their desires. 
D)  avoid making scale errors. 
A)  discuss thoughts and feelings in conversations with friends. 
B)  correctly identify risky social situations. 
C)  understand that people always act consistently with their desires. 
D)  avoid making scale errors.

Question 16

Children whose parents believe that they are not very capable and must work harder than others to succeed are likely to

Accepted Answer

A)  have a learned-helpless attributional style. 
B)  have an incremental view of ability. 
C)  develop a mastery-oriented attributional style by early adolescence. 
D)  work harder to win their parents' approval. 
A)  have a learned-helpless attributional style. 
B)  have an incremental view of ability. 
C)  develop a mastery-oriented attributional style by early adolescence. 
D)  work harder to win their parents' approval.

Question 17

When studying development of early mental states, researchers found that as early as 6 months, infants

Accepted Answer

A)  expect people to talk to other people, rather than to inanimate objects. 
B)  understand that people are intentional beings who share and influence another's mental state. 
C)  are aware that others' perspectives differ from their own. 
D)  can determine if an object inside a box is desirable or undesirable. 
A)  expect people to talk to other people, rather than to inanimate objects. 
B)  understand that people are intentional beings who share and influence another's mental state. 
C)  are aware that others' perspectives differ from their own. 
D)  can determine if an object inside a box is desirable or undesirable.

Question 18

Preschoolers Bob and Bill engage in more make-believe play than Deb and Dawn. Studies have shown that

Accepted Answer

A)  Deb and Dawn will exhibit more advanced theory-of-mind skills than Bob and Bill. 
B)  Bob and Bill are more advanced in understanding false belief than Deb and Dawn. 
C)  Bob and Bill will have more difficulty resolving conflicts with their peers than Deb and Dawn. 
D)  Deb and Dawn probably come from large families with many older siblings. 
A)  Deb and Dawn will exhibit more advanced theory-of-mind skills than Bob and Bill. 
B)  Bob and Bill are more advanced in understanding false belief than Deb and Dawn. 
C)  Bob and Bill will have more difficulty resolving conflicts with their peers than Deb and Dawn. 
D)  Deb and Dawn probably come from large families with many older siblings.

Question 19

As an intervention, the Promoting Alternative Thinking Strategies (PATHS) curriculum for preschool children teaches skills such as

Accepted Answer

A)  using no-intervention controls. 
B)  attending selectively to social cues. 
C)  satisfying an impulse. 
D)  detecting others' thoughts and feelings. 
A)  using no-intervention controls. 
B)  attending selectively to social cues. 
C)  satisfying an impulse. 
D)  detecting others' thoughts and feelings.

Question 20

Children improve greatly in social problem solving over the preschool and early school years, largely as a result of gains in

Accepted Answer

A)  false-belief understanding. 
B)  attribution retraining. 
C)  recursive thought. 
D)  self-esteem. 
A)  false-belief understanding. 
B)  attribution retraining. 
C)  recursive thought. 
D)  self-esteem.

By age 4, children typically

Because of the effect of gender-stereotyped expectations,

During childhood and adolescence, perceived __________ correlates more strongly with global self-esteem than any other self-esteem factor.

Newborns' remarkable capacity for __________ supports the beginnings of self-awareness.

Between the mid-1960s and the mid-1990s, the rate of adolescent suicide __________ in both the United States and Canada.

Research on the self-concept shows that, compared with school-age children, older adolescents place more emphasis on

How do children use their categorical self in the development of their self-awareness?

Which of the following statements is true regarding influences on self-concept?

Gains in cognitive inhibition predict particularly strongly, perhaps because children must suppress responses.

The best way to foster a positive, secure self-image is to

Under what circumstances are minority youths likely to rebel, rejecting aspects of their ethnic background?

For most young people, identity development

Research on self-esteem indicates that.

Which of the following statements describes the relationship between toddlers' sense of self and possessiveness?

False-belief understanding is linked to gains in young children's capacity to

Children whose parents believe that they are not very capable and must work harder than others to succeed are likely to

When studying development of early mental states, researchers found that as early as 6 months, infants

Preschoolers Bob and Bill engage in more make-believe play than Deb and Dawn. Studies have shown that

As an intervention, the Promoting Alternative Thinking Strategies (PATHS) curriculum for preschool children teaches skills such as

Children improve greatly in social problem solving over the preschool and early school years, largely as a result of gains in

History, Theory, and Applied Directions

Research Strategies

Biological Foundations, Prenatal Development, and Birth

Infancy: Early Learning, Motor Skills, and Perceptual Capacities

Physical Growth

Cognitive Development: Piagetian, Core Knowledge, and Vygotskian Perspectives

Cognitive Development: an Information-Processing Perspective

Intelligence

Language Development

Emotional Development

Moral Development

Development of Sex Differences and Gender Roles

The Family

Peers, Media, and Schooling

Filters

Exam 11: Self and Social Understanding

By age 4, children typically

Because of the effect of gender-stereotyped expectations,

During childhood and adolescence, perceived __________ correlates more strongly with global self-esteem than any other self-esteem factor.

Newborns' remarkable capacity for __________ supports the beginnings of self-awareness.

Between the mid-1960s and the mid-1990s, the rate of adolescent suicide __________ in both the United States and Canada.

Research on the self-concept shows that, compared with school-age children, older adolescents place more emphasis on

How do children use their categorical self in the development of their self-awareness?

Which of the following statements is true regarding influences on self-concept?

Gains in cognitive inhibition predict __________ particularly strongly, perhaps because children must suppress __________ responses.

The best way to foster a positive, secure self-image is to

Under what circumstances are minority youths likely to rebel, rejecting aspects of their ethnic background?

For most young people, identity development

Research on self-esteem indicates that.

Which of the following statements describes the relationship between toddlers' sense of self and possessiveness?

False-belief understanding is linked to gains in young children's capacity to

Children whose parents believe that they are not very capable and must work harder than others to succeed are likely to

When studying development of early mental states, researchers found that as early as 6 months, infants

Preschoolers Bob and Bill engage in more make-believe play than Deb and Dawn. Studies have shown that

As an intervention, the Promoting Alternative Thinking Strategies (PATHS) curriculum for preschool children teaches skills such as

Children improve greatly in social problem solving over the preschool and early school years, largely as a result of gains in

History, Theory, and Applied Directions

Research Strategies

Biological Foundations, Prenatal Development, and Birth

Infancy: Early Learning, Motor Skills, and Perceptual Capacities

Physical Growth

Cognitive Development: Piagetian, Core Knowledge, and Vygotskian Perspectives

Cognitive Development: an Information-Processing Perspective

Intelligence

Language Development

Emotional Development

Moral Development

Development of Sex Differences and Gender Roles

The Family

Peers, Media, and Schooling

Filters

Gains in cognitive inhibition predict particularly strongly, perhaps because children must suppress responses.