Exam 4: The Emergence of Thought and Language: Cognitive Development in Infancy and Early Childhood

As a typical two-year-old, Webster would have a vocabulary of

Compare and contrast the behaviorist answer, the linguistic answer, the cognitive answer, and the social-interaction answer to the question, "How do children acquire grammar?"

Sylvester has just learned how to pick up his cat named Chester, who likes to be picked up and does not put up any struggle. Later, Sylvester tries to pick up another cat named Thai, who scratches when held. The fact that Sylvester learns to leave Thai alone after he has been scratched provides a good example of

Which is the best example of a phoneme?

Baby Lee has just discovered that banging on a big pot produces a loud sound. He then decides to bang on a small pot to see what happens. A Piagetian would predict that such active experimentation with the environment would be most likely to first emerge in a child who is

The conservation of liquid task directly assesses a child's level of

Private speech is a form of verbal communication a child uses when talking to his or her best friend.

Most preschoolers believe that

An expressive style vocabulary consists of many names for people, objects, and actions.

When a child applies rules to words that are exceptions, the error is referred to as a(n) _____.

Although the sound is unfamiliar, when six-month-old Cagney sees the flashing lights on the police car, she keeps her eyes locked on the lights. She also begins to show a decrease in heart rate. Which concept best explains Cagney's reaction?

Infant Timmy has been babbling for several months. What is his next likely linguistic milestone?

Yuki has recently emigrated from China to the United States. Because she was taught the traditional method of counting in her culture, when she is shown 31 items and asked how many there are, she would likely respond,

In what way are newborns more linguistically sophisticated than the average adult?

Four-year-old Gustav appears to be talking to himself as he is building a tower of blocks. Describe Vygotsky's take on this behavior (e.g., Is this normal behavior? Is this a helpful behavior? Will this behavior go away?).

In English, "-ing" and "-ed" represent grammatical morphemes.

A diminishing response to a familiar stimulus is called _____.

Like most one-year-olds, Antoine sucks reflexively when a sucker is placed in his mouth. For the past few days, Antoine's mother has turned on the television as she gives Antoine his daily sucker. Today, Antoine's mother turns on the television but does not have a sucker to give Antoine. Much to her surprise, Antoine begins to make a sucking motion despite having no sucker. Which theory best explains Antoine's behavior?

As a Piagetian, Avery would consider ____ the highest accomplishment of the sensorimotor period of development.

____ could be defined as a diminished response to a familiar stimulus.