Exam 9: Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

You have been shrunk to molecular size and find yourself in a mitochondrial chamber where protons are being pumped out across a membrane into another chamber. You are in the mitochondrion's ____________________.

Biologists believe that in the earliest version of photosynthesis the energized photosystem electron simply cycled back to the chlorophyll molecule. What limitations would such a system impose?

During the Calvin cycle, the enzyme rubisco combines a ____________________-carbon compound with CO₂ to form an unstable carbohydrate [the answer is a number].

Although several negative factors are associated with chronic exposure to high altitude, the decline in ____________________ is most likely to have been responsible for the rapid evolution of the HIF2a gene.

Most individuals respond to a prolonged stay at high altitude by producing more hemoglobin, producing more red blood cells, or both.

All of the following elements can be found in the photosynthetic intermediary molecules leading to sugar; which element does not remain in the final product?

NAD⁺ is an energy carrier in living organisms that couples

Biologists believe that the change in the HIF2a gene frequency among Tibetans may be the fastest case of human evolution yet discovered. What is the selection pressure affecting this gene?

A fermentation is an oxidative pathway where the electrons released from a nutrient molecule are transferred to molecules created by the catabolism of the nutrient. What molecule receives electrons in lactic acid fermentation?

In mitochondria, ATP is produced in conjunction with proteins in the membrane that surrounds a region in the mitochondrion known as the ____________________.

The ETC in the chloroplast or mitochondrion gradually lower the energy content of an electron as it passes from carrier to carrier, similar to the reduction in energy content of a

The chemical 3-(3,4-dichloro-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU)blocks the movement of electrons at the point indicated by the black, downward-pointing arrow in the figure below. Which of the following would be an immediate effect of treating a chloroplast with this drug?

Each time you take a breath you are bringing in the oxygen you need to stay alive. The ultimate source of the oxygen used by all aerobic organisms comes from a reaction that

Energy is used to force protons from the thylakoid space back into the stroma.

____________________ organisms require oxygen in order to extract energy from food.

The diagram below shows the Calvin cycle, which is a series of enzymatic reactions that manufacture sugars. How many times must this cycle "turn" to make one molecule of glucose (six carbons)?

Oxidative phosphorylation includes an electron transport chain.

The figure below is a diagram of the inner mitochondrial membrane. How did the protons (H⁺)in this diagram become concentrated on one side of the membrane?

Since plants are able to capture energy from the sun, why do they need to pass that energy through the chemical reactions necessary to produce ATP?

The illustration below indicates that photosynthesis and cellular respiration are both complementary and balanced; the existence of fossil fuels like coal and petroleum suggest in the past,