Exam 15: Critical Care Issues in Mechanical Ventilation

Patients with ARDS often lack cardiogenic signs of pulmonary edema such as cardiomegaly, pleural effusions, and vascular redistribution.

The modified _______________ has been used as an additional aid in the diagnosis of VAP and decision on antimicrobial therapy.

Cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) is the pressure required to provide blood flow, oxygen, and _______________ to the brain.

During the course of VAP, ____ is a common microbe seen in the first 48 hours.

_______________ is a type of brain injury that causes the downward displacement of the medial aspect of the temporal lobe (uncus) through the tentorial notch by a mass above.

The primary advantage of using low tidal volume or permissive hypercapnia is to minimize the airway pressures and to reduce the risk for ____.

Which of the following levels of consciousness is used to describe someone who has a decrease in awareness and alertness, rouses briefly in response to stimuli, is unaware of the surroundings, and is unable to perform tasks or return to inactivity when left alone?

During cerebral cellular injury and death as a result of energy deprivation, depolarization of the neuronal membrane causes ____.

List five methods used to prevent VAP in mechanically ventilated patients.

The risk of VAP is highest ____ of mechanical ventilation.

Discuss the lung protection strategy.

In the early stage of ARDS, the clinical signs may include tachypnea, ____, and mild hypoxemia.

_______________ as a result of cardiac arrest is essentially a mechanical failure, whereas the heart is not generating adequate pressure to provide perfusion.

Compression of the ____ suppresses the parasympathetic input to the eye resulting in a dilated pupil.

Systemic hypotension ____.

Patients who are admitted to the trauma, neurosurgical, or burn units have a higher incidence of VAP than in the respiratory units and medical ICUs.

Mechanical ventilation with low tidal volume increases dead space ventilation and alveolar ventilation.

When non-homogenous lungs are ventilated by positive pressure, the non-compliant units are recruited intermittently while the compliant units suffer from _______________.

During which of the following steps of the decremental recruitment maneuver should you initiate PCV at 15 cm H₂O and PEEP at 20 cm H₂O?

Among the methods to prevent VAP, ____ is by far the simplest and most cost-effective way to reduce the incidence of VAP.