Exam 5: Making Systematic Observations

_____ are demand characteristics that may signal participants that a change in the participant's attitude is needed to conform to his or her new role as a research participant.

Theory can help you decide which variables to include in your research.

To assess _____, the same test is administered twice, separated by a relatively long interval of time, to the same individuals.

_____ is assessed by comparing the scores on your test with the value of a criterion measure observed at a later time.

_____ are defined as cues inadvertently provided by a researcher or research context concerning the purposes of a study or the behavior expected from participants.

Self-report measures tend to be somewhat invalid.

Asking participants to speculate about what they would do in a certain future situation is an example of:

_____ involve measuring some biological change such as heart rate or brain activity.

To determine the _____ of a behavior, one counts the number of occurrences over some specified period.

According to the text, an experiment that goes wrong can sometimes serve as a:

_____ is defined as a qualitative measurement technique that involves establishing evaluative categories and sorting items into those categories.

List the four major measurement scales, and give an example of each. What are the strengths and limitations of each?

A participant comes to your laboratory and asks you if he or she is going to get shocked. This participant has a(n) _____ attitude.

Face validity is the crudest form of validity you can establish.

Compare and contrast validity, reliability, and accuracy of a measure. Define each, and tell why each is important.

You develop a new measure of anxiety and find that your measure correlates highly with an established measure of anxiety. You have demonstrated:

In a study of helping behavior, exposing participants to different treatments and then taking note of whether or not a participant helps is an example of a(n) _____ measure.

Height, weight, and reaction time are all measured on a(n) _____ scale.

Experimenter bias can arise from:

When the measure being made consists of judgments or ratings of multiple observers, the degree of agreement among observers can be established by using a statistical measure of _____.