Exam 4: Learning Memory

Spreading activation allows consumers to shift back and forth among levels of meanings.

Discuss stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination. Provide an example of each that is relevant to the field of marketing.

Which theory listed below assumes that learning take place as the result of responses to external events?

Behavioral theorists rely on internal mental states to explain learning.

The observational learning process begins with a person being motivated to perform an action.

Conditioning effects are more likely to occur after the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli have been paired a number of times.

Memories of products are often replaced (forgotten) as we learn additional information. This displacement of information is called ________.

Which type of reinforcement best characterizes what an individual would typically experience while fishing?

Classical conditioning occurs when a stimulus that elicits a response is paired with another stimulus that initially does not elicit a response on its own.

What type of learning theory emphasizes that people are problem solvers who actively use information from the world around them to master the environment?

When a consumer has a powerful emotional reaction to a song or photos, this is called ________.

In instrumental conditioning, what is the distinction between negative reinforcement and punishment?

If a woman receives compliments after wearing Obsession perfume, she is more likely to keep buying the product and wearing it. What type of instrumental conditioning has occurred in the situation?

________ refers to the tendency people have to react to stimuli similar to an original stimulus in a classical conditioning situation in much the same way they responded to the original stimulus.

Fixed-interval reinforcement explains why airlines' frequent flier programs are so successful.

________ learning occurs when an individual watches the actions of others and notes the reinforcements they receive for their behaviors.

A cognitive framework we develop through experience is called ________.

John Deere established a reputation for building dependable farm tractors. When the company began to build small yard tractors, it insisted on using the same logo on its small mowers as on its large tractors. John Deere was applying stimulus generalization through look-alike packaging.

________ memories relate to events that are personally relevant; therefore, a person's motivation to retain these memories will likely be strong.

List and explain the three stages of cognitive development.