Exam 22: Gas Exchange

After reading the paragraphs below, answer the questions that follow. Many amphibians (including many frogs, toads, and salamanders) spend the early part of their lives in water but live on land as adults. The adults of many species return to water to breed and lay their eggs. Frogs have small lungs and supplement their oxygen intake by breathing through the skin. Although large frogs have more total surface area than smaller frogs, the larger frogs have a lower surface area/volume ratio (less skin surface relative to their total body volume). To keep their respiratory surfaces moist, frogs are generally found in wet or very moist locations. In an experiment designed to investigate oxygen consumption in relation to body size, frogs from five different species were weighed and placed in a respirometer (a machine that measures oxygen consumption) for 1 hour. The table shows the results of the experiment. -From the data in the table, it is reasonable to conclude that

Sometime after a human baby is born, the expression of fetal hemoglobin ceases and the expression of adult hemoglobin begins. Imagine that a baby is born and this switch from fetal to adult hemoglobin does not occur. In which part of the world would this baby be well-adapted to living?

Which of the following animals would be most likely to be able to effectively exchange gases when placed in a dry desert environment?

One advantage of gas exchange in water is that

In a mammal, blood leaving the lungs goes to

During gas exchange, body cells

Which of the following animals requires the largest and most complex lungs proportional to its overall body size?

Oxygen moves from blood into the interstitial fluid and then to body cells because

Why do cigarette smokers cough more than nonsmokers?

Medullary breathing centers directly sense and respond to

A waste product of respiration is

Which of the following is a function of the nasal cavities in humans?

Evolutionary movement of aquatic vertebrates to land involved an intermediate individual that

Which of the following statements about fish gills is true?

Which of the following is likely to have the lowest concentration of O₂?

Labored breathing, coughing, lung infections, and respiratory failure are characteristics defining

Inhalation in humans is achieved by

The ________ is a passageway shared by both food and air.

After reading the paragraphs below, answer the questions that follow. Physicians routinely give their patients pulmonary function tests in order to measure characteristics of lung function. The most common of these tests, spirometry, measures both the volume and the speed of air entering and exiting the lungs. In this test, a person first breathes normally while breathing into a spirometer, a machine that measures air volume and air speed. Then the person takes the deepest breath possible and exhales as hard as possible for 6 seconds into the spirometer. The resulting data are plotted on a graph of volume (y axis) versus time (x axis). Spirometry is useful not only for assessing lung function in healthy patients but also for characterizing patients with lung conditions such as pulmonary fibrosis, asthma, or emphysema. A sample graph for a healthy adult male is shown below. Normal breathing occurs between points A and B, a maximal inhalation occurs at point C, and a maximal exhalation occurs at point D. Normal breathing resumes between points E and F. -For this data set, how much air is exhaled during a normal breath?

After reading the paragraphs below, answer the questions that follow. Physicians routinely give their patients pulmonary function tests in order to measure characteristics of lung function. The most common of these tests, spirometry, measures both the volume and the speed of air entering and exiting the lungs. In this test, a person first breathes normally while breathing into a spirometer, a machine that measures air volume and air speed. Then the person takes the deepest breath possible and exhales as hard as possible for 6 seconds into the spirometer. The resulting data are plotted on a graph of volume (y axis) versus time (x axis). Spirometry is useful not only for assessing lung function in healthy patients but also for characterizing patients with lung conditions such as pulmonary fibrosis, asthma, or emphysema. A sample graph for a healthy adult male is shown below. Normal breathing occurs between points A and B, a maximal inhalation occurs at point C, and a maximal exhalation occurs at point D. Normal breathing resumes between points E and F. -For this data set, what is the residual volume?