Exam 11: Development of the Self-Concept

Children with the learned-helplessness orientation attribute their failures to

An achievement attribution refers to

Explain what a belief-desire theory of mind is, and discuss how children's understanding of beliefs and desires changes from toddlerhood through preschool (two through five years).

Selman's research approach in role-taking development was to

Although boys and girls progress through the process of identity formation at the same pace, research has revealed that college women

Attribution retraining helps children to become mastery-oriented. A popular children's story book that would support attribution retraining would be

Discuss the general stability or instability of self-esteem during the adolescent years, and identify some of the factors that can cause a drop in self-esteem during adolescence.

Two-month-old babies like to jerk a foot and cause a string to move a mobile over the crib. This suggests that the babies have achieved a sense of

Mirror self-recognition emerges at the same average age regardless of whether the child has had experience with mirrors. This result implies that self-recognition

Identify and describe the three phases that children progress through in learning to evaluate their own performance in achievement situations.

"I flunked the test because the professor left the room and everyone else then cheated." This is an ____ attribution.

Abdul is a 23-year-old college junior who has changed majors several times and cannot decide what he wants to be "when he grows up." Abdul is currently in Marcia's ____ identity status.

In collectivistic cultures (Japan, China, tropical African countries, etc.), one's identity is based on

Why did Erikson characterize adolescent identity formation a "crisis?" What are both the possible positive and negative outcomes for Erikson?

Children who are securely attached to parents usually develop a(n) ____ level of self-esteem.

For achievement attributions, INTERNAL is to EXTERNAL as ____ is to ____.

At which age are you likely to have the highest self-esteem?

Forming a positive ethnic identity is especially important for

What did Erikson mean by a "negative identity?"

Describe four different types of achievement attributions that might be made for success or failure, indicate whether each involves a stable or unstable factor, and provide an internal or external cause for the outcome.