Question 1

How and why is the two-hybrid system used to find where two proteins interact? Use a real example.

Accepted Answer

Two-hybrid screening is used to detect protein-protein or protein-DNA interactions by testing for physical binding.You will look for the activation of a reporter gene when a transcription factor binds to an upstream activating sequence.In a two-hybrid screen,the transcription factor is broken into two fragments: the binding domain (BD),which binds to the UAS,and the activation domain (AD),which activates transcription of the reporter gene.For instance,the yeast two-hybrid screen uses a protein that is translationally fused to a GalL4 BD and another protein to a Gal4 AD.If the proteins interact,the two Gal4 elements are brought together and transcription occurs.

Question 2

The karyotypes of several primate species,such as chimpanzee and gorilla,show two nearly telocentric chromosomes as opposed to the single large metacentric chromosome 2 in humans.Does this demonstrate chromosome breakage or fusion at the time of lineage divergence?

Accepted Answer

fusion

Question 3

In 2000,when then President Clinton along with Francis Collins of the Human Genome Project and Craig Venter of Celera announced the completion of a "draft" of the human genome,the event did not,in fact,represent true completion because most of what type of sequences were not included?

Accepted Answer

repetitive

Question 4

Mammalian genomes all have a number of genes for globin polypeptides.Several of these genes are functional,but several are never expressed.What are the nonfunctional ones known as?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Mammalian genomes all have a number of...

Question 5

Which of the following would likely exclude a sequence from being considered as an active gene?

Accepted Answer

A) a promoter with signals identical to the promoter of another gene 
B) exons in different reading frames from one another 
C) an exon followed by 3′ processing signals 
D) only one exon with an in-frame stop codon 
E) introns missing the GT-AG splice junctions appropriate for this gene 
A) a promoter with signals identical to the promoter of another gene 
B) exons in different reading frames from one another 
C) an exon followed by 3′ processing signals 
D) only one exon with an in-frame stop codon 
E) introns missing the GT-AG splice junctions appropriate for this gene

Question 6

Species whose ancestors might once have been free living may now be present as parasites.Would their genomes now tend to be larger,smaller,or approximately the same in size and complexity?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Species whose ancestors might once have been...

Question 7

The splicing regulatory protein (SR)identifies exons to be included in mRNA.How might SR proteins regulate alternative splicing?

Accepted Answer

A) There are alternative binding regions for these proteins within each exon. 
B) There are alternative SR proteins in different tissues at different stages of development. 
C) The SR proteins lose the ability to bind to exon splice suppressors. 
D) The SR proteins recruit the splicing small RNAs (U1,U2,…)or unusual ones. 
E) The spliceosome complex can bind only to regions with bound SR proteins. 
A) There are alternative binding regions for these proteins within each exon. 
B) There are alternative SR proteins in different tissues at different stages of development. 
C) The SR proteins lose the ability to bind to exon splice suppressors. 
D) The SR proteins recruit the splicing small RNAs (U1,U2,…)or unusual ones. 
E) The spliceosome complex can bind only to regions with bound SR proteins.

Question 8

In a simple bioinformatics exercise,students are asked to locate the beginning of an ORF among the six possible reading frames for a hypothetical DNA molecule.The first step in their process should involve looking for what sequence?

Accepted Answer

The answer of In a simple bioinformatics exercise,students are asked...

Question 9

In the 2009 article "Genomic Footprints of a Cryptic Plastic Endosymbiosis in Diatoms" (Science 324: 1724-26),Moustafa et al.described their search for possible gene transfer from organelles to the nucleus in diatom genomes.They assumed that diatomic plastids came from red algae.However,they found that most were from green algae.Which is most likely?

Accepted Answer

A) Diatoms once had green algal endosymbionts. 
B) Red algae had green algal endosymbionts. 
C) Red plastids were replaced by green plastids. 
D) Cyanobacteria imported green plastid genes. 
E) All red algal genes mutated to green algal genes. 
A) Diatoms once had green algal endosymbionts. 
B) Red algae had green algal endosymbionts. 
C) Red plastids were replaced by green plastids. 
D) Cyanobacteria imported green plastid genes. 
E) All red algal genes mutated to green algal genes.

Question 10

Although whole-genome duplications that result in polyploidy are fairly common in plant species,which of the following are common in other eukaryotes?

Accepted Answer

A) duplication of whole chromosome arms 
B) segmental duplications of small gene regions 
C) deletion of an entire haploid set of chromosomes 
D) whole chromosome loss 
E) miscellaneous aneuploidies in living members of a species 
A) duplication of whole chromosome arms 
B) segmental duplications of small gene regions 
C) deletion of an entire haploid set of chromosomes 
D) whole chromosome loss 
E) miscellaneous aneuploidies in living members of a species

Question 11

Very many related genes can be recognized by conserved protein domains.To what gene structures do these domains correlate?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Very many related genes can be recognized...

Question 12

An Alu sequence is a kind of retrotransposon,and approximately 1.4 million of them are found in the human genome.As they move about in the genome,they generate mutation by what mechanism?

Accepted Answer

insertion

Question 13

Suppose that you have been able to partially sequence a significant number of cDNA clones from an as yet unsequenced insect genome.These clones are useful as what sequences that can help annotation?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Suppose that you have been able to...

Question 14

You are interested in sequencing the gene for Tangier disease (OMIM 205404).The disorder is rare,so it is feasible to obtain only very few samples.The approximate chromosomal location of the gene is known.How would you set about deciding on a model organism to use to study this disease,and what would you do once you had decided? (An outline of your procedure after the organism is chosen will be sufficient).

Accepted Answer

If the chromosome location of the gene i

Question 15

Conserved noncoding sequences (CNGs)are usually sequences involved in what kinds of functions?

Accepted Answer

regulatory

Question 16

A significant polymorphic inversion on chromosome 17,the MAPT inversion,is identified by marker SNPs that can now be used to screen large numbers in a population.The inverted region is large and extends for approximately 900 kb.The two haplotypes (one inverted and one not)are each associated with increased risk of a number of neurological conditions.How can the inverted region be used to find the most recent common ancestor of the inversion?

Accepted Answer

A) by typing SNPs from humans and from other primates 
B) by assessing SNPs from a large number of human populations 
C) by looking for heterozygotes for the two kinds of chromosome 17 
D) by fertility studies on populations with each of the haplotypes 
E) by using a BAC clone library to identify the ends of the inversion 
A) by typing SNPs from humans and from other primates 
B) by assessing SNPs from a large number of human populations 
C) by looking for heterozygotes for the two kinds of chromosome 17 
D) by fertility studies on populations with each of the haplotypes 
E) by using a BAC clone library to identify the ends of the inversion

Question 17

A researcher has produced groups of contigs that are linked via paired end sequences,although these include some sequence gaps.What are these groups called?

Accepted Answer

The answer of A researcher has produced groups of contigs...

Question 18

Genes can be assigned,relatively speaking,to the categories "essential" and "nonessential." In the identification of essential genes,a transposon can be inserted into a gene to inactivate it.The gene would then be identified as essential if the inactivation results in what?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Genes can be assigned,relatively speaking,to the categories...

Question 19

Suppose a geneticist sequences a specific gene region in two species,A and B,previously known to be closely related.He specifically wants to see which of the two species is closer to an ancestral species.The sequence comparison showed that this region in species B has an extra intron,unlike other near relatives,but that otherwise A and B are virtually the same for this region.Based on this data alone,he could reason that which species was more likely ancestral?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Suppose a geneticist sequences a specific gene...

Question 20

An inherited human disorder,familial dysautonomia,results from a nucleotide mutation in the gene IKAP that is expressed in the nervous system.The decreased IKAP protein leads to abnormal development,and the resulting disease is usually fatal by age 30.The nucleotide change alters splicing.If this change affects only the nervous system and not the immune system,in which the gene is also expressed,what feature must be found in this gene?

Accepted Answer

alternativ

How and why is the two-hybrid system used to find where two proteins interact? Use a real example.

The karyotypes of several primate species,such as chimpanzee and gorilla,show two nearly telocentric chromosomes as opposed to the single large metacentric chromosome 2 in humans.Does this demonstrate chromosome breakage or fusion at the time of lineage divergence?

In 2000,when then President Clinton along with Francis Collins of the Human Genome Project and Craig Venter of Celera announced the completion of a "draft" of the human genome,the event did not,in fact,represent true completion because most of what type of sequences were not included?

Mammalian genomes all have a number of genes for globin polypeptides.Several of these genes are functional,but several are never expressed.What are the nonfunctional ones known as?

Which of the following would likely exclude a sequence from being considered as an active gene?

Species whose ancestors might once have been free living may now be present as parasites.Would their genomes now tend to be larger,smaller,or approximately the same in size and complexity?

The splicing regulatory protein (SR)identifies exons to be included in mRNA.How might SR proteins regulate alternative splicing?

In a simple bioinformatics exercise,students are asked to locate the beginning of an ORF among the six possible reading frames for a hypothetical DNA molecule.The first step in their process should involve looking for what sequence?

Although whole-genome duplications that result in polyploidy are fairly common in plant species,which of the following are common in other eukaryotes?

Very many related genes can be recognized by conserved protein domains.To what gene structures do these domains correlate?

An Alu sequence is a kind of retrotransposon,and approximately 1.4 million of them are found in the human genome.As they move about in the genome,they generate mutation by what mechanism?

Suppose that you have been able to partially sequence a significant number of cDNA clones from an as yet unsequenced insect genome.These clones are useful as what sequences that can help annotation?

Conserved noncoding sequences (CNGs)are usually sequences involved in what kinds of functions?

A researcher has produced groups of contigs that are linked via paired end sequences,although these include some sequence gaps.What are these groups called?

Genes can be assigned,relatively speaking,to the categories "essential" and "nonessential." In the identification of essential genes,a transposon can be inserted into a gene to inactivate it.The gene would then be identified as essential if the inactivation results in what?

The Molecular Basis of Heredity, Variation, and Evolution

Transmission Genetics

Cell Division and Chromosome Heredity

Gene Interaction

Genetic Linkage and Mapping in Eukaryotes

Genetic Analysis and Mapping in Bacteria and Bacteriophage

DNA Structure and Replication

Molecular Biology and Transcription and Rna Processing

The Molecular Biology of Translation

The Integration of Genetic Approaches: Understanding Sickle Cell Disease

Chromosome Structure

Gene Mutation, DNA Repair, and Homologous Recombination

Chromosome Aberrations and Transposition

Regulation of Gene Expression in Bacteria and Bacteriophage

Regulation of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes

Forward Genetics and Recombinant DNA Technology

Applications of Recombinant DNA Technology and Reverse Genetics

Cytoplasmic Inheritance and the Evolution of Organelle Genomes

Developmental Genetics

Genetic Analysis of Quantitative Traits

Population Genetics and Evolution

Filters

Exam 18: Genomics: Genetics From a Whole-Genome Perspective

How and why is the two-hybrid system used to find where two proteins interact? Use a real example.

The karyotypes of several primate species,such as chimpanzee and gorilla,show two nearly telocentric chromosomes as opposed to the single large metacentric chromosome 2 in humans.Does this demonstrate chromosome breakage or fusion at the time of lineage divergence?

In 2000,when then President Clinton along with Francis Collins of the Human Genome Project and Craig Venter of Celera announced the completion of a "draft" of the human genome,the event did not,in fact,represent true completion because most of what type of sequences were not included?

Mammalian genomes all have a number of genes for globin polypeptides.Several of these genes are functional,but several are never expressed.What are the nonfunctional ones known as?

Which of the following would likely exclude a sequence from being considered as an active gene?

Species whose ancestors might once have been free living may now be present as parasites.Would their genomes now tend to be larger,smaller,or approximately the same in size and complexity?

The splicing regulatory protein (SR)identifies exons to be included in mRNA.How might SR proteins regulate alternative splicing?

In a simple bioinformatics exercise,students are asked to locate the beginning of an ORF among the six possible reading frames for a hypothetical DNA molecule.The first step in their process should involve looking for what sequence?

Although whole-genome duplications that result in polyploidy are fairly common in plant species,which of the following are common in other eukaryotes?

Very many related genes can be recognized by conserved protein domains.To what gene structures do these domains correlate?

An Alu sequence is a kind of retrotransposon,and approximately 1.4 million of them are found in the human genome.As they move about in the genome,they generate mutation by what mechanism?

Suppose that you have been able to partially sequence a significant number of cDNA clones from an as yet unsequenced insect genome.These clones are useful as what sequences that can help annotation?

Conserved noncoding sequences (CNGs)are usually sequences involved in what kinds of functions?

A researcher has produced groups of contigs that are linked via paired end sequences,although these include some sequence gaps.What are these groups called?

Genes can be assigned,relatively speaking,to the categories "essential" and "nonessential." In the identification of essential genes,a transposon can be inserted into a gene to inactivate it.The gene would then be identified as essential if the inactivation results in what?

The Molecular Basis of Heredity, Variation, and Evolution

Transmission Genetics

Cell Division and Chromosome Heredity

Gene Interaction

Genetic Linkage and Mapping in Eukaryotes

Genetic Analysis and Mapping in Bacteria and Bacteriophage

DNA Structure and Replication

Molecular Biology and Transcription and Rna Processing

The Molecular Biology of Translation

The Integration of Genetic Approaches: Understanding Sickle Cell Disease

Chromosome Structure

Gene Mutation, DNA Repair, and Homologous Recombination

Chromosome Aberrations and Transposition

Regulation of Gene Expression in Bacteria and Bacteriophage

Regulation of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes

Forward Genetics and Recombinant DNA Technology

Applications of Recombinant DNA Technology and Reverse Genetics

Cytoplasmic Inheritance and the Evolution of Organelle Genomes

Developmental Genetics

Genetic Analysis of Quantitative Traits

Population Genetics and Evolution

Filters