Question 1

Both hypokalemia and hyperkalemia can cause muscle weakness.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 2

MATCHING
Match the electrolytes with the corresponding descriptions.(Terms can be used more than once. )
-Acts as an intracellular and extracellular anion buffer

Accepted Answer

A) Sodium 
B) Chloride 
C) Potassium 
D) Magnesium 
E) Phosphate 
A) Sodium 
B) Chloride 
C) Potassium 
D) Magnesium 
E) Phosphate

Question 3

At the arterial end of capillaries,why does fluid move from the intravascular space into the interstitial space?

Accepted Answer

A)  Because the interstitial hydrostatic pressure is higher than the capillary hydrostatic pressure 
B)  Because the capillary hydrostatic pressure is higher than the capillary oncotic pressure 
C)  Because the interstitial oncotic pressure is higher than the interstitial hydrostatic pressure 
D)  Because the capillary oncotic pressure is lower than the interstitial hydrostatic pressure 
A)  Because the interstitial hydrostatic pressure is higher than the capillary hydrostatic pressure 
B)  Because the capillary hydrostatic pressure is higher than the capillary oncotic pressure 
C)  Because the interstitial oncotic pressure is higher than the interstitial hydrostatic pressure 
D)  Because the capillary oncotic pressure is lower than the interstitial hydrostatic pressure

Question 4

Which are causes of hypocalcemia?

Accepted Answer

A)  Repeated blood administration or pancreatitis 
B)  Kidney stones and immobility 
C)  Decreased resorption of calcium and phosphate from bone 
D)  Hyperparathyroidism and bone metastasis 
A)  Repeated blood administration or pancreatitis 
B)  Kidney stones and immobility 
C)  Decreased resorption of calcium and phosphate from bone 
D)  Hyperparathyroidism and bone metastasis

Question 5

What mechanisms cause hypernatremia?

Accepted Answer

A)  Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) 
B)  Cushing's disease and hyperaldosteronism 
C)  Prolonged vomiting or diarrhea 
D)  Excessive diuretic therapy 
A)  Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) 
B)  Cushing's disease and hyperaldosteronism 
C)  Prolonged vomiting or diarrhea 
D)  Excessive diuretic therapy

Question 6

Chvostek's sign and Trousseau's sign indicate:

Accepted Answer

A)  hypokalemiA. 
B)  hyperkalemia. 
C)  hypocalcemia. 
D)  hypercalcemia. 
A)  hypokalemiA. 
B)  hyperkalemia. 
C)  hypocalcemia. 
D)  hypercalcemia.

Question 7

Insulin and glucose can be given to correct hyperkalemia.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

MATCHING
Match the electrolytes with the corresponding descriptions.(Terms can be used more than once. )
-An intracellular metabolic form is ATP

Accepted Answer

A) Sodium 
B) Chloride 
C) Potassium 
D) Magnesium 
E) Phosphate 
A) Sodium 
B) Chloride 
C) Potassium 
D) Magnesium 
E) Phosphate

Question 9

When buffers,such as carbonic acid-bicarbonate,absorb excessive H+ (acid)or OH- (base),a significant change in the plasma pH results.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

Both loss of sodium and gain of water can cause hyponatremia.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

When thirst is experienced,how are osmoreceptors activated?

Accepted Answer

A)  By an increase in the antidiuretic hormone secreted into the plasma 
B)  By an increase in aldosterone secreted into the plasma 
C)  By an increase in the hydrostatic pressure of the plasma 
D)  By an increase in the osmotic pressure of the plasma 
A)  By an increase in the antidiuretic hormone secreted into the plasma 
B)  By an increase in aldosterone secreted into the plasma 
C)  By an increase in the hydrostatic pressure of the plasma 
D)  By an increase in the osmotic pressure of the plasma

Question 12

How does syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)cause excess water?

Accepted Answer

A)  The increase in antidiuretic hormone causes retention of sodium that retains excessive water in the renal tubules. 
B)  The decrease in antidiuretic hormone increases serum glucose,which binds to water. 
C)  The decrease in antidiuretic hormone prevents the renal tubules from reabsorbing water. 
D)  The increase in antidiuretic hormone causes retention of water in the renal tubules. 
A)  The increase in antidiuretic hormone causes retention of sodium that retains excessive water in the renal tubules. 
B)  The decrease in antidiuretic hormone increases serum glucose,which binds to water. 
C)  The decrease in antidiuretic hormone prevents the renal tubules from reabsorbing water. 
D)  The increase in antidiuretic hormone causes retention of water in the renal tubules.

Question 13

Physiologic pH is maintained around 7.4 because bicarbonate (HCO3)and carbonic acid (H2CO3)exist in a ratio of:

Accepted Answer

A)  20:1. 
B)  1:20. 
C)  10:2. 
D)  10:5. 
A)  20:1. 
B)  1:20. 
C)  10:2. 
D)  10:5.

Question 14

MATCHING
Match the electrolytes with the corresponding descriptions.(Terms can be used more than once. )
-Major determinant of resting membrane potential

Accepted Answer

A) Sodium 
B) Chloride 
C) Potassium 
D) Magnesium 
E) Phosphate 
A) Sodium 
B) Chloride 
C) Potassium 
D) Magnesium 
E) Phosphate

Exam 3: The Cellular Environment

Both hypokalemia and hyperkalemia can cause muscle weakness.

MATCHING Match the electrolytes with the corresponding descriptions.(Terms can be used more than once. ) -Acts as an intracellular and extracellular anion buffer

At the arterial end of capillaries,why does fluid move from the intravascular space into the interstitial space?

Which are causes of hypocalcemia?

What mechanisms cause hypernatremia?

Chvostek's sign and Trousseau's sign indicate:

Insulin and glucose can be given to correct hyperkalemia.

MATCHING Match the electrolytes with the corresponding descriptions.(Terms can be used more than once. ) -An intracellular metabolic form is ATP

When buffers,such as carbonic acid-bicarbonate,absorb excessive H+ (acid)or OH- (base),a significant change in the plasma pH results.

Both loss of sodium and gain of water can cause hyponatremia.

When thirst is experienced,how are osmoreceptors activated?

How does syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)cause excess water?

Physiologic pH is maintained around 7.4 because bicarbonate (HCO3)and carbonic acid (H2CO3)exist in a ratio of:

MATCHING Match the electrolytes with the corresponding descriptions.(Terms can be used more than once. ) -Major determinant of resting membrane potential

Cellular Biology

Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology

Genes and Genetic Diseases

Genes, Environment-Lifestyle, and Common Diseases

Innate Immunity Including Inflammation

Adaptive Immunity

Alterations in Immunity and Inflammation Including Hypersensitivies

Infection Including Hivaids

Stress and Disease

Biology of Cancer

Tumor Invasion and Metastasis

Cancer in Children

Structure and Function of the Neurologic System

Pain, Temperature Regulation, Sleep, and Sensory Function

Concepts of Neurologic Dysfunction

Disorders of Neurologic Function

Neurobiology of Schizophrenia, Mood Disorders, and Anxiety Disorders

Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children

Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation

Alterations of Hormonal Regulation

Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems

Alterations of the Reproductive Systems

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Structure and Function of the Hematologic System

Alterations of Erythrocyte Function

Alterations in Hematologic Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System

Alterations of Pulmonary Function

Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Digestive System

Alterations of Digestive Function

Alterations of Digestive Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children

Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument

Alterations of the Integument in Children

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Adults

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Children

Alterations of Leukocyte, Lymphoid, and Hemostatic Function

Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children

Filters

When buffers,such as carbonic acid-bicarbonate,absorb excessive H⁺ (acid)or OH^- (base),a significant change in the plasma pH results.

Physiologic pH is maintained around 7.4 because bicarbonate (HCO₃)and carbonic acid (H₂CO₃)exist in a ratio of: