Question 1

Which statement is false about why infants have a narrow chemical safety margin?

Accepted Answer

A)  The immaturity of tubules may diminish the response to antidiuretic hormone (ADH). 
B)  An immature tubular transport capacity impairs the excretion of potassium. 
C)  An immature tubular transport capacity impairs the reabsorption of bicarbonate or buffer hydrogen with ammonia. 
D)  The immaturity of tubules may diminish the response to aldosterone. 
A)  The immaturity of tubules may diminish the response to antidiuretic hormone (ADH). 
B)  An immature tubular transport capacity impairs the excretion of potassium. 
C)  An immature tubular transport capacity impairs the reabsorption of bicarbonate or buffer hydrogen with ammonia. 
D)  The immaturity of tubules may diminish the response to aldosterone. D

Question 2

What is the pathophysiologic process in hemolytic-uremic syndrome?

Accepted Answer

A)  An autoimmune disorder in which immunoglobulin A (Ig
A) coats erythrocytes that are destroyed by the spleen and remnants are excreted through the kidneys. 
B)  Verotoxin from E.coli is absorbed from the intestines and damages erythrocytes and endothelial cells. 
C) Endotoxins from E.coli block the erythropoietin produced by the kidneys,which reduces the number of erythrocytes produced by the bone marrow. 
D) Failure of the nephron to filter urea increases the blood urea nitrogen,which binds to erythrocytes that are subsequently destroyed by the spleen. 
A)  An autoimmune disorder in which immunoglobulin A (Ig
A) coats erythrocytes that are destroyed by the spleen and remnants are excreted through the kidneys. 
B)  Verotoxin from E.coli is absorbed from the intestines and damages erythrocytes and endothelial cells. 
C) Endotoxins from E.coli block the erythropoietin produced by the kidneys,which reduces the number of erythrocytes produced by the bone marrow. 
D) Failure of the nephron to filter urea increases the blood urea nitrogen,which binds to erythrocytes that are subsequently destroyed by the spleen. B

Question 3

Organic causes of enuresis are the most common.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  False

Question 4

MATCHING
Match the kidney disorder with the corresponding descriptions.
-Associated with functional or organic obstruction of the collecting system

Accepted Answer

A) Hemolytic-uremic syndrome 
B) Henoch-Schönlein nephritis 
C) Renal dysplasia 
D) Ureteropelvic junction obstruction 
E) Polycystic kidney disease 
A) Hemolytic-uremic syndrome 
B) Henoch-Schönlein nephritis 
C) Renal dysplasia 
D) Ureteropelvic junction obstruction 
E) Polycystic kidney disease

Question 5

_____ is an anomaly often associated with Wilms' tumor.

Accepted Answer

A)  Renal anaplasia 
B)  Aniridia (lack of an iris in the eye) 
C)  Anemia 
D)  Hypothyroidism 
A)  Renal anaplasia 
B)  Aniridia (lack of an iris in the eye) 
C)  Anemia 
D)  Hypothyroidism

Question 6

The adult takes in and excretes 2000 ml/day (representing approximately 5% of the total body fluid),whereas the infant takes in and excretes 700 ml/day (representing _____ % of the total body fluid).

Accepted Answer

A)  10 
B)  90 
C)  190 
D)  290 
A)  10 
B)  90 
C)  190 
D)  290

Question 7

Why does hypertension occur in acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN)?

Accepted Answer

A)  Because of the increase in capillary permeability along the glomerular vascular membrane. 
B)  Because of the release of endothelin-1 as a result of endothelial injury and platelet activation. 
C)  Because of the activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system stimulated by decreased renal perfusion. 
D)  Because of the stimulation of a-adrenergic nerves that cause vasoconstriction. 
A)  Because of the increase in capillary permeability along the glomerular vascular membrane. 
B)  Because of the release of endothelin-1 as a result of endothelial injury and platelet activation. 
C)  Because of the activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system stimulated by decreased renal perfusion. 
D)  Because of the stimulation of a-adrenergic nerves that cause vasoconstriction.

Question 8

Chordee is a congenital defect of the genitourinary tract that results in a ventral curvature of the penis.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

Why does vesicoureteral reflux occur in children?

Accepted Answer

A)  Because they do not ask for help in urinating in a timely manner and urine is forced up into the ureters 
B)  Because the submucosal segment of the ureter is short,making the antireflux mechanism inefficient 
C)  Because the trigone lying between the opening to the ureters and the urethra is underdeveloped 
D)  Because as the bladder in infants and children fill,it pulls the smooth lining of the transitional epithelium away from the ureters so that the reflux valves are ineffective 
A)  Because they do not ask for help in urinating in a timely manner and urine is forced up into the ureters 
B)  Because the submucosal segment of the ureter is short,making the antireflux mechanism inefficient 
C)  Because the trigone lying between the opening to the ureters and the urethra is underdeveloped 
D)  Because as the bladder in infants and children fill,it pulls the smooth lining of the transitional epithelium away from the ureters so that the reflux valves are ineffective

Question 10

Which statement is false about how hypospadias develops?

Accepted Answer

A)  Hypospadias results from a disruption in male hormones,including testosterone. 
B)  Hypospadias results from a mutation of genes HP-1 (chromosome 16). 
C)  Hypospadias results from 5a reductase mutations. 
D)  Hypospadias results from hormones administered for in vitro fertilization. 
A)  Hypospadias results from a disruption in male hormones,including testosterone. 
B)  Hypospadias results from a mutation of genes HP-1 (chromosome 16). 
C)  Hypospadias results from 5a reductase mutations. 
D)  Hypospadias results from hormones administered for in vitro fertilization.

Question 11

MATCHING
Match the kidney disorder with the corresponding descriptions.
-Autosomal dominant inherited disorder

Accepted Answer

A) Hemolytic-uremic syndrome 
B) Henoch-Schönlein nephritis 
C) Renal dysplasia 
D) Ureteropelvic junction obstruction 
E) Polycystic kidney disease 
A) Hemolytic-uremic syndrome 
B) Henoch-Schönlein nephritis 
C) Renal dysplasia 
D) Ureteropelvic junction obstruction 
E) Polycystic kidney disease

Question 12

Which cells of the inflammatory process are NOT found in acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN)?

Accepted Answer

A)  Immunoglobulin G (IgG) 
B)  Immunoglobulin A (Ig
A)  
C)  Complement C3 
D)  Immunoglobulin E (Ig
E)  
A)  Immunoglobulin G (IgG) 
B)  Immunoglobulin A (Ig
A)  
C)  Complement C3 
D)  Immunoglobulin E (Ig
E)

Question 13

MATCHING
Match the kidney disorder with the corresponding descriptions.
-The most common cause of hydronephrosis in neonates

Accepted Answer

A) Hemolytic-uremic syndrome 
B) Henoch-Schönlein nephritis 
C) Renal dysplasia 
D) Ureteropelvic junction obstruction 
E) Polycystic kidney disease 
A) Hemolytic-uremic syndrome 
B) Henoch-Schönlein nephritis 
C) Renal dysplasia 
D) Ureteropelvic junction obstruction 
E) Polycystic kidney disease

Question 14

Unilateral renal agenesis is the total lack of one kidney and happens more often on the left side and in males.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

Which statement is false about the causes of enuresis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Enuresis is caused by a maturational lag. 
B)  Enuresis may be related to nonrapid eye movement (NREM)sleep. 
C)  Enuresis may be a symptom of obstructive sleep apnea. 
D)  Enuresis may be caused by excessive antidiuretic hormone (ADH). 
A)  Enuresis is caused by a maturational lag. 
B)  Enuresis may be related to nonrapid eye movement (NREM)sleep. 
C)  Enuresis may be a symptom of obstructive sleep apnea. 
D)  Enuresis may be caused by excessive antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

Question 16

Urine formation and excretion do not begin until the eighth month of gestation.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

Structural anomalies that are associated with urinary tract malformations include low-set,malformed ears;absent abdominal muscles;and imperforate anus or genital deviation.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

Why is the excretion of urea low in infants?

Accepted Answer

A)  Because medullary nephrons of infants have comparatively shorter loops at this stage of development 
B)  Because infants have an immature tubular transport capacity,which impairs the excretion of urea 
C)  Because infants have a high anabolic state and use their protein for growth 
D)  Because infants have dilute urine due to the immaturity of their glomeruli 
A)  Because medullary nephrons of infants have comparatively shorter loops at this stage of development 
B)  Because infants have an immature tubular transport capacity,which impairs the excretion of urea 
C)  Because infants have a high anabolic state and use their protein for growth 
D)  Because infants have dilute urine due to the immaturity of their glomeruli

Question 19

Epispadias may only be found in males.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

How do bacteria gain access to the urinary tract?

Accepted Answer

A)  The bacteria come from systemic blood that is filtered through the kidney. 
B)  The bacteria travel from the lymph adjacent to the bladder and kidneys. 
C)  The bacteria ascend up the urethra into the bladder or up the ureters into the kidney. 
D)  The bacteria colonize the bladder when urine is static. 
A)  The bacteria come from systemic blood that is filtered through the kidney. 
B)  The bacteria travel from the lymph adjacent to the bladder and kidneys. 
C)  The bacteria ascend up the urethra into the bladder or up the ureters into the kidney. 
D)  The bacteria colonize the bladder when urine is static.

Exam 35: Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children

Which statement is false about why infants have a narrow chemical safety margin?

What is the pathophysiologic process in hemolytic-uremic syndrome?

Organic causes of enuresis are the most common.

MATCHING Match the kidney disorder with the corresponding descriptions. -Associated with functional or organic obstruction of the collecting system

_____ is an anomaly often associated with Wilms' tumor.

The adult takes in and excretes 2000 ml/day (representing approximately 5% of the total body fluid),whereas the infant takes in and excretes 700 ml/day (representing _____ % of the total body fluid).

Why does hypertension occur in acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN)?

Chordee is a congenital defect of the genitourinary tract that results in a ventral curvature of the penis.

Why does vesicoureteral reflux occur in children?

Which statement is false about how hypospadias develops?

MATCHING Match the kidney disorder with the corresponding descriptions. -Autosomal dominant inherited disorder

Which cells of the inflammatory process are NOT found in acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN)?

MATCHING Match the kidney disorder with the corresponding descriptions. -The most common cause of hydronephrosis in neonates

Unilateral renal agenesis is the total lack of one kidney and happens more often on the left side and in males.

Which statement is false about the causes of enuresis?

Urine formation and excretion do not begin until the eighth month of gestation.

Structural anomalies that are associated with urinary tract malformations include low-set,malformed ears;absent abdominal muscles;and imperforate anus or genital deviation.

Why is the excretion of urea low in infants?

Epispadias may only be found in males.

How do bacteria gain access to the urinary tract?

Cellular Biology

Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology

The Cellular Environment

Genes and Genetic Diseases

Genes, Environment-Lifestyle, and Common Diseases

Innate Immunity Including Inflammation

Adaptive Immunity

Alterations in Immunity and Inflammation Including Hypersensitivies

Infection Including Hivaids

Stress and Disease

Biology of Cancer

Tumor Invasion and Metastasis

Cancer in Children

Structure and Function of the Neurologic System

Pain, Temperature Regulation, Sleep, and Sensory Function

Concepts of Neurologic Dysfunction

Disorders of Neurologic Function

Neurobiology of Schizophrenia, Mood Disorders, and Anxiety Disorders

Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children

Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation

Alterations of Hormonal Regulation

Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems

Alterations of the Reproductive Systems

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Structure and Function of the Hematologic System

Alterations of Erythrocyte Function

Alterations in Hematologic Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System

Alterations of Pulmonary Function

Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function

Structure and Function of the Digestive System

Alterations of Digestive Function

Alterations of Digestive Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children

Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument

Alterations of the Integument in Children

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Adults

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Children

Alterations of Leukocyte, Lymphoid, and Hemostatic Function

Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children

Filters