Question 1

Which of the following components of a virus is not encoded by its own genome?

Accepted Answer

A) capsid 
B) lipid bilayer of viral envelope 
C) spike glycoproteins of viral envelope 
D) bacteriophage anchoring structures 
E) tail fibers 
A) capsid 
B) lipid bilayer of viral envelope 
C) spike glycoproteins of viral envelope 
D) bacteriophage anchoring structures 
E) tail fibers

Question 2

Place the following events of bacterial conjugation in order from first to last.
1 - DNA replication
2 - an enzyme joins F factor DNA ends
3 - sex pilus shortens
4 - DNA transfer
5 - an enzyme cuts F factor DNA

Accepted Answer

A) 1,2,3,4,5 
B) 3,5,4,2,1 
C) 5,1,3,4,2 
D) 3,5,1,4,2 
E) 3,5,1,2,4 
A) 1,2,3,4,5 
B) 3,5,4,2,1 
C) 5,1,3,4,2 
D) 3,5,1,4,2 
E) 3,5,1,2,4

Question 3

Adenoviruses are a frequent cause of acute upper respiratory tract infections in humans.Adenoviruses are non-enveloped and their capsid contains a "fiber" protein that is analogous in function to the spike glycoproteins of HIV.Which of the following would be ACCURATE about an adenovirus that has a mutation in its fiber protein gene?

Accepted Answer

A) the virus would still cause upper respiratory tract infections in humans but at a slower rate 
B) because it has defective fiber proteins,it will now have a broader host range 
C) it would not be able to cause disease in humans 
D) it would be able to infect humans normally,but would not be able to replicate its genome 
E) it would be able to infect humans normally,but would not be able to release new adenoviruses from the human cells 
A) the virus would still cause upper respiratory tract infections in humans but at a slower rate 
B) because it has defective fiber proteins,it will now have a broader host range 
C) it would not be able to cause disease in humans 
D) it would be able to infect humans normally,but would not be able to replicate its genome 
E) it would be able to infect humans normally,but would not be able to release new adenoviruses from the human cells

Question 4

The different strains of a bacterial species

Accepted Answer

A) may be susceptible to different antibiotics 
B) reproduce asexually 
C) may be the result of random mutations 
D) can participate in conjugation and transformation 
E) all of these are correct 
A) may be susceptible to different antibiotics 
B) reproduce asexually 
C) may be the result of random mutations 
D) can participate in conjugation and transformation 
E) all of these are correct

Question 5

A bacterial cell must have ___________ in order to transfer portions of its chromosome to another cell.

Accepted Answer

A) an F factor 
B) a virulence plasmid 
C) competence factors 
D) growth enhancement genes 
E) all of these components 
A) an F factor 
B) a virulence plasmid 
C) competence factors 
D) growth enhancement genes 
E) all of these components

Question 6

A person is infected with HIV.The individual is treated with several drugs,including azidothymidine (AZT).AZT competes for the active site of reverse transcriptase.Which of the following is the most immediate effect of this drug?

Accepted Answer

A) it allows reverse transcriptase to proofread,and this will allow successful treatment with a vaccine 
B) it does not allow the virus to make a DNA copy of its genome 
C) it does not allow the viral genome to become integrated into the host genome 
D) it inhibits formation of the capsid 
E) it inhibits budding,as it is the reverse of the process by which HIV enters a cell 
A) it allows reverse transcriptase to proofread,and this will allow successful treatment with a vaccine 
B) it does not allow the virus to make a DNA copy of its genome 
C) it does not allow the viral genome to become integrated into the host genome 
D) it inhibits formation of the capsid 
E) it inhibits budding,as it is the reverse of the process by which HIV enters a cell

Question 7

Bacterial Strain A divides every 30 minutes.If you require at least 4 billion cells to perform an experiment,how many hours will you need to incubate a culture tube inoculated with a single cell of Bacteria A to get enough material to perform your experiment?

Accepted Answer

A) 2 
B) 16 
C) 8 
D) 4 
E) 32 
A) 2 
B) 16 
C) 8 
D) 4 
E) 32

Question 8

In conjugation,the donor cell makes ___________ whose function is to bring F- cells close enough to transfer a ___________ to the recipient.

Accepted Answer

A) a sex pilus,single strand of DNA 
B) a sex pilus,double strand of DNA 
C) an F factor,fertility plasmid 
D) an F factor,replicated F factor 
E) a sex pilus,bacterial chromosome 
A) a sex pilus,single strand of DNA 
B) a sex pilus,double strand of DNA 
C) an F factor,fertility plasmid 
D) an F factor,replicated F factor 
E) a sex pilus,bacterial chromosome

Question 9

Adenoviruses are a frequent cause of acute upper respiratory tract infections in humans.Adenoviruses have a genome composed of double-stranded DNA,they are non-enveloped and their capsid contains a "fiber" protein that is analogous in function to the spike glycoproteins of HIV.Latency of the adenovirus can occur in lymphoid tissues.Based on this information,which of the following would be the best type of drug to develop to combat adenoviruses in humans?

Accepted Answer

A) a drug that inhibits reverse transcriptase 
B) a drug that binds to fiber protein receptors in human cells 
C) a drug that can switch off latency 
D) a combination of drugs that inhibit reverse transcriptase and that binds to fiber protein receptors in human cells 
E) a combination of drugs that inhibit reverse transcriptase,binds to fiber protein receptors in human cells,and switches off latency 
A) a drug that inhibits reverse transcriptase 
B) a drug that binds to fiber protein receptors in human cells 
C) a drug that can switch off latency 
D) a combination of drugs that inhibit reverse transcriptase and that binds to fiber protein receptors in human cells 
E) a combination of drugs that inhibit reverse transcriptase,binds to fiber protein receptors in human cells,and switches off latency

Question 10

A scientist has been growing a bacterial strain for some time in culture media containing very few nutrients.The cells are growing slowly,so she enriches the media with amino acids and carbohydrates.To her dismay,instead of growing faster and to higher densities,the bacteria begin to die.What has caused this strange result?

Accepted Answer

A) a prophage switched from the lysogenic cycle to the lytic cyle 
B) a prophage switched from the lytic cycle to the lysogenic cycle 
C) the bacteria are infected with a temperate phage 
D) the bacteria are infected with a virulent phage that has switched from the lysogenic cycle to the lytic cycle 
E) the bacteria are infected with a temperate phage that has switched from the lysogenic cycle to the lytic cycle 
A) a prophage switched from the lysogenic cycle to the lytic cyle 
B) a prophage switched from the lytic cycle to the lysogenic cycle 
C) the bacteria are infected with a temperate phage 
D) the bacteria are infected with a virulent phage that has switched from the lysogenic cycle to the lytic cycle 
E) the bacteria are infected with a temperate phage that has switched from the lysogenic cycle to the lytic cycle

Question 11

Drugs that are HIV protease inhibitors

Accepted Answer

A) prevent HIV protease from degrading host cell proteins 
B) block the translation of HIV proteases 
C) bind to HIV proteases 
D) prevent HIV proteases from breaking apart capsid proteins 
E) bind to HIV proteases and prevent the proteases from breaking apart capsid proteins 
A) prevent HIV protease from degrading host cell proteins 
B) block the translation of HIV proteases 
C) bind to HIV proteases 
D) prevent HIV proteases from breaking apart capsid proteins 
E) bind to HIV proteases and prevent the proteases from breaking apart capsid proteins

Question 12

Prokaryotes

Accepted Answer

A) include bacteria and archaea 
B) include bacteria and viruses 
C) are any unicellular organism 
D) include bacteria and viruses,but not archaea 
E) include bacteria,but not archaea and viruses 
A) include bacteria and archaea 
B) include bacteria and viruses 
C) are any unicellular organism 
D) include bacteria and viruses,but not archaea 
E) include bacteria,but not archaea and viruses

Question 13

While a prophage genome is integrated into the host cell chromosome,it is

Accepted Answer

A) latent 
B) lysogenic 
C) virulent 
D) latent and lysogenic 
E) latent,lysogenic,and virulent 
A) latent 
B) lysogenic 
C) virulent 
D) latent and lysogenic 
E) latent,lysogenic,and virulent

Question 14

Which of the following is an emerging virus?

Accepted Answer

A) HIV 
B) Tobacco mosaic virus 
C) Escherishia coli 
D) Lamda phage 
E) All of these choices are emerging viruses 
A) HIV 
B) Tobacco mosaic virus 
C) Escherishia coli 
D) Lamda phage 
E) All of these choices are emerging viruses

Question 15

The prokaryotic chromosome is

Accepted Answer

A) held within a membrane-bound nucleus 
B) localized to a nucleoid region 
C) circular and loosely packed 
D) composed of single-stranded DNA 
E) linear and tightly wrapped around histone proteins 
A) held within a membrane-bound nucleus 
B) localized to a nucleoid region 
C) circular and loosely packed 
D) composed of single-stranded DNA 
E) linear and tightly wrapped around histone proteins

Question 16

Lederberg and Tatum's experiments demonstrated that

Accepted Answer

A) bacteria can acquire genetic material from each other. 
B) bacteria do not release DNA into the environment for other bacteria to take up. 
C) bacteria must be in physical contact in order for bacteria to exchange genetic material. 
D) the genetic transfer occurred when the bio+,met+ phe-thr- strain transferred DNA to the bio-met- strain. 
E) All of these observations were made by Lederberg and Tatum. 
A) bacteria can acquire genetic material from each other. 
B) bacteria do not release DNA into the environment for other bacteria to take up. 
C) bacteria must be in physical contact in order for bacteria to exchange genetic material. 
D) the genetic transfer occurred when the bio+,met+ phe-thr- strain transferred DNA to the bio-met- strain. 
E) All of these observations were made by Lederberg and Tatum.

Question 17

The transfer of genes from dead bacteria to live bacteria is called transformation.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

How is a typical prokaryotic genome similar to a eukaryotic genome?

Accepted Answer

A) both are composed of DNA packaged in the nucleus 
B) both are composed of double-stranded DNA 
C) both are composed of circular chromosomes 
D) both are composed of multiple,linear chromosomes 
E) both contain chromosome with a single origin of replication 
A) both are composed of DNA packaged in the nucleus 
B) both are composed of double-stranded DNA 
C) both are composed of circular chromosomes 
D) both are composed of multiple,linear chromosomes 
E) both contain chromosome with a single origin of replication

Question 19

Soon after the introduction of antibiotics,resistant strains of bacteria that could grow in the presence of particular antibiotics began to evolve.Researchers develop new antibiotics,only to see resistant bacterial strains evolve within a few years.Which of the following explains why resistant strains of bacteria can evolve so quickly?

Accepted Answer

A) bacteria have a short generation time 
B) bacteria can transfer plasmids containing resistance genes via conjugation 
C) horizontal gene transfer 
D) bacteria have a short generation time and can transfer plasmids containing resistance genes via conjugation 
E) bacteria have a short generation time and can transfer plasmids containing resistance genes by horizontal gene transfer mechanisms such as conjugation 
A) bacteria have a short generation time 
B) bacteria can transfer plasmids containing resistance genes via conjugation 
C) horizontal gene transfer 
D) bacteria have a short generation time and can transfer plasmids containing resistance genes via conjugation 
E) bacteria have a short generation time and can transfer plasmids containing resistance genes by horizontal gene transfer mechanisms such as conjugation

Question 20

Viruses infect only eukaryotes.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Exam 15: Genetics of Viruses and Bacteria

Which of the following components of a virus is not encoded by its own genome?

Place the following events of bacterial conjugation in order from first to last. 1 - DNA replication 2 - an enzyme joins F factor DNA ends 3 - sex pilus shortens 4 - DNA transfer 5 - an enzyme cuts F factor DNA

The different strains of a bacterial species

A bacterial cell must have ___________ in order to transfer portions of its chromosome to another cell.

A person is infected with HIV.The individual is treated with several drugs,including azidothymidine (AZT).AZT competes for the active site of reverse transcriptase.Which of the following is the most immediate effect of this drug?

Bacterial Strain A divides every 30 minutes.If you require at least 4 billion cells to perform an experiment,how many hours will you need to incubate a culture tube inoculated with a single cell of Bacteria A to get enough material to perform your experiment?

In conjugation,the donor cell makes ___________ whose function is to bring F- cells close enough to transfer a ___________ to the recipient.

Drugs that are HIV protease inhibitors

Prokaryotes

While a prophage genome is integrated into the host cell chromosome,it is

Which of the following is an emerging virus?

The prokaryotic chromosome is

Lederberg and Tatum's experiments demonstrated that

The transfer of genes from dead bacteria to live bacteria is called transformation.

How is a typical prokaryotic genome similar to a eukaryotic genome?

Viruses infect only eukaryotes.

An Introduction to Biology

The Chemical Basis of Life I: Atoms, Molecules, and Water

The Chemical Basis of Life II: Organic Molecules

General Features of Cells

Membrane Structure, Transport, and Cell Junctions

Energy, Enzymes, and Cellular Respiration

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

Nucleic Acid Structure, DNA Replication, and Chromosome Structure

Gene Expression at the Molecular Level

Gene Regulation

Mutation, DNA Repair, and Cancer

The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle, Mitosis, and Meiosis

Patterns of Inheritance

Genetic Technology

Genomes, Repetitive Sequences, and Bioinformatics

Origin and History of Life

An Introduction to Evolution and Population Genetics

Origin of Species and Macroevolution

Taxonomy and Systematics

Microorganisms: The Archaea, Bacteria, and Protists

Plants

Fungi

Animal Diversity: Invertebrates

Animal Diversity: Vertebrates

An Introduction to Flowering Plant Form and Function

Flowering Plants: Plant Behavior

Flowering Plants: Nutrition and Transport

Flowering Plants: Reproduction

Animal Bodies and Homeostasis

Neuroscience I: Structure, Function, and Evolution of Nervous Systems

Neuroscience II: Sensory Systems

Muscular-Skeletal Systems

Digestive Systems and Nutrition

Circulatory Systems

Respiratory Systems

Excretory Systems and the Homeostasis of Internal Fluids

Endocrine Systems

Animal Reproduction and Development

Immune Systems

Animal Behavior

Ecology and the Physical Environment

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystem Ecology

Biodiversity and Conservation Biology

Filters

In conjugation,the donor cell makes _ whose function is to bring F- cells close enough to transfer a _ to the recipient.