Question 1

Noncoding RNAs include all types of RNA molecules except

Accepted Answer

A)  tRNAs. 
B)  rRNAs. 
C)  HERVs. 
D)  mRNAs. 
E)  microRNAs. 
A)  tRNAs. 
B)  rRNAs. 
C)  HERVs. 
D)  mRNAs. 
E)  microRNAs. D

Question 2

MicroRNAs bind to

Accepted Answer

A)  the 3' ends of specific mRNAs. 
B)  the 5' ends of specific mRNAs. 
C)  the 3' ends of specific tRNAs. 
D)  the 3' ends of specific macroRNAs. 
E)  the 4' ends of specific mRNAs. 
A)  the 3' ends of specific mRNAs. 
B)  the 5' ends of specific mRNAs. 
C)  the 3' ends of specific tRNAs. 
D)  the 3' ends of specific macroRNAs. 
E)  the 4' ends of specific mRNAs. A

Question 3

Understanding the signals that activate pancreatic stem cells to differentiate as beta cells could be used to treat

Accepted Answer

A)  acne. 
B)  restless legs syndrome. 
C)  male infertility. 
D)  endometriosis. 
E)  diabetes mellitus. 
A)  acne. 
B)  restless legs syndrome. 
C)  male infertility. 
D)  endometriosis. 
E)  diabetes mellitus. E

Question 4

The form of RNA that cuts rRNA molecules is

Accepted Answer

A)  tRNAs. 
B)  pseudogenes. 
C)  snoRNAs. 
D)  microRNAs. 
E)  macroRNAs. 
A)  tRNAs. 
B)  pseudogenes. 
C)  snoRNAs. 
D)  microRNAs. 
E)  macroRNAs.

Question 5

Rett syndrome results from

Accepted Answer

A)  a microRNA that binds the wrong set of mRNA targets. 
B)  failure to remove acetyls from histones on a gene expressed in the brain. 
C)  fetal hemoglobin that is reactivated in a child. 
D)  abnormal methylation of a gene expressed in the brain. 
E)  eating too much mercury-tainted fish. 
A)  a microRNA that binds the wrong set of mRNA targets. 
B)  failure to remove acetyls from histones on a gene expressed in the brain. 
C)  fetal hemoglobin that is reactivated in a child. 
D)  abnormal methylation of a gene expressed in the brain. 
E)  eating too much mercury-tainted fish.

Question 6

About __ of the human genome sequence comes from retroviruses.

Accepted Answer

A)  4 
B)  8 
C)  12 
D)  21 
E)  35 
A)  4 
B)  8 
C)  12 
D)  21 
E)  35

Question 7

About ___ percent of the human genome actually encodes proteins.

Accepted Answer

A)  0.5 
B)  1.5 
C)  5.0 
D)  10 
E)  100 
A)  0.5 
B)  1.5 
C)  5.0 
D)  10 
E)  100

Question 8

A mutation in a promotor causes a disorder in which the blood clots too readily by

Accepted Answer

A)  deleting a gene for a clotting factor. 
B)  blocking transcription of a clotting factor. 
C)  increasing susceptibility to a specific viral infection. 
D)  increasing the transcription rate of a particular clotting factor gene. 
E)  affecting how watery the blood is. 
A)  deleting a gene for a clotting factor. 
B)  blocking transcription of a clotting factor. 
C)  increasing susceptibility to a specific viral infection. 
D)  increasing the transcription rate of a particular clotting factor gene. 
E)  affecting how watery the blood is.

Question 9

Isoforms are

Accepted Answer

A)  technologies that sequence DNA at very low temperatures. 
B)  different types of RNA molecules. 
C)  different versions of proteins that reflect different exon combinations. 
D)  the patterns of acetyls, phosphates, and methyl groups that bind to a particular gene. 
E)  the patterns of microRNAs that bind to a particular mRNA molecule. 
A)  technologies that sequence DNA at very low temperatures. 
B)  different types of RNA molecules. 
C)  different versions of proteins that reflect different exon combinations. 
D)  the patterns of acetyls, phosphates, and methyl groups that bind to a particular gene. 
E)  the patterns of microRNAs that bind to a particular mRNA molecule.

Question 10

Development of the pancreas in an embryo into a dual gland that has both exocrine and endocrine functions begins when

Accepted Answer

A)  insulin is produced and bathes stem cells. 
B)  a transcription factor stimulates progenitor cells to give rise to exocrine or endocrine cells. 
C)  a globin gene duplicates and gives rise to alpha and beta globin genes. 
D)  progenitor cells become stem cells. 
E)  the primordial pancreas splits into two parts, one exocrine and one endocrine. 
A)  insulin is produced and bathes stem cells. 
B)  a transcription factor stimulates progenitor cells to give rise to exocrine or endocrine cells. 
C)  a globin gene duplicates and gives rise to alpha and beta globin genes. 
D)  progenitor cells become stem cells. 
E)  the primordial pancreas splits into two parts, one exocrine and one endocrine.

Question 11

About __ of the human genome encodes tRNA.

Accepted Answer

A)  0.001 
B)  0.01 
C)  0.1 
D)  1 
E)  10 
A)  0.001 
B)  0.01 
C)  0.1 
D)  1 
E)  10

Question 12

An example of the utility of gene expression profiling in a clinical situation is

Accepted Answer

A)  finding that a child has inherited a certain genotype. 
B)  identifying genes with aberrant expression levels in cancers likely to spread. 
C)  the ability to inject a gene to compensate for a defective or missing gene. 
D)  to determine whether a medical condition is inherited or not. 
E)  replacing a gene bearing a mutation with a wild type version in the affected tissue. 
A)  finding that a child has inherited a certain genotype. 
B)  identifying genes with aberrant expression levels in cancers likely to spread. 
C)  the ability to inject a gene to compensate for a defective or missing gene. 
D)  to determine whether a medical condition is inherited or not. 
E)  replacing a gene bearing a mutation with a wild type version in the affected tissue.

Question 13

A treatment for some forms of anemia is to take a drug that turns on transcription of fetal hemoglobin.This would increase the proportion of _____ globin chains.

Accepted Answer

A)  alpha 
B)  beta 
C)  gamma 
D)  delta 
E)  epsilon 
A)  alpha 
B)  beta 
C)  gamma 
D)  delta 
E)  epsilon

Question 14

The most abundant type of DNA repeat sequence is called a

Accepted Answer

A)  genome. 
B)  lipidome. 
C)  proteome. 
D)  transposon. 
E)  transcriptome. 
A)  genome. 
B)  lipidome. 
C)  proteome. 
D)  transposon. 
E)  transcriptome.

Question 15

"Epigenetic" means

Accepted Answer

A)  "inside the gene." 
B)  "inside the protein." 
C)  "outside the gene." 
D)  "outside the protein." 
E)  "unwind the DNA." 
A)  "inside the gene." 
B)  "inside the protein." 
C)  "outside the gene." 
D)  "outside the protein." 
E)  "unwind the DNA."

Question 16

The most important chemical group that determines how tightly histones bind DNA is

Accepted Answer

A)  acetyl. 
B)  methyl. 
C)  ethyl. 
D)  phosphate. 
E)  glucose. 
A)  acetyl. 
B)  methyl. 
C)  ethyl. 
D)  phosphate. 
E)  glucose.

Question 17

Transcription factors account for a greater proportion of the proteome in a fetus compared to a 20-year-old because

Accepted Answer

A)  many cells have already died in a 20-year-old. 
B)  a fetus does not yet need many of its proteins. 
C)  cells are actively differentiating and many structures are forming in a fetus. 
D)  an adult can carry out more activities than can a fetus. 
E)  the 20-year-old can consciously activate his or her transcription factors. 
A)  many cells have already died in a 20-year-old. 
B)  a fetus does not yet need many of its proteins. 
C)  cells are actively differentiating and many structures are forming in a fetus. 
D)  an adult can carry out more activities than can a fetus. 
E)  the 20-year-old can consciously activate his or her transcription factors.

Question 18

Epigenetic changes

Accepted Answer

A)  pass from one cell generation to the next but do not alter the DNA sequence. 
B)  do not pass from one cell generation to the next but do alter the DNA sequence. 
C)  irreversibly alter the DNA sequence and are only passed to the next cell generation if they add an advantage. 
D)  only occur in males. 
E)  alter the RNA codon - amino acid assignments of the genetic code. 
A)  pass from one cell generation to the next but do not alter the DNA sequence. 
B)  do not pass from one cell generation to the next but do alter the DNA sequence. 
C)  irreversibly alter the DNA sequence and are only passed to the next cell generation if they add an advantage. 
D)  only occur in males. 
E)  alter the RNA codon - amino acid assignments of the genetic code.

Question 19

A typical human cell contains

Accepted Answer

A)  one copy of each of 100 different microRNAs. 
B)  one copy of each of 3.2 billion different microRNAs. 
C)  one copy of each of about 20,000 different microRNAs. 
D)  from 1,000 to 200,000 microRNAs of about 1,000 types. 
E)  no microRNA unless the person develops cancer. 
A)  one copy of each of 100 different microRNAs. 
B)  one copy of each of 3.2 billion different microRNAs. 
C)  one copy of each of about 20,000 different microRNAs. 
D)  from 1,000 to 200,000 microRNAs of about 1,000 types. 
E)  no microRNA unless the person develops cancer.

Question 20

Which metaphors correctly compare chromatin remodeling and microRNA function?

Accepted Answer

A)  a hammer and a nail 
B)  an on/off switch and a dimmer switch 
C)  an elevator and a submarine. 
D)  an activator and a repressor. 
E)  a stimulator and an inhibitor. 
A)  a hammer and a nail 
B)  an on/off switch and a dimmer switch 
C)  an elevator and a submarine. 
D)  an activator and a repressor. 
E)  a stimulator and an inhibitor.

Exam 11: Gene Expression and Epigenetics

Noncoding RNAs include all types of RNA molecules except

MicroRNAs bind to

Understanding the signals that activate pancreatic stem cells to differentiate as beta cells could be used to treat

The form of RNA that cuts rRNA molecules is

Rett syndrome results from

About __ of the human genome sequence comes from retroviruses.

About ___ percent of the human genome actually encodes proteins.

A mutation in a promotor causes a disorder in which the blood clots too readily by

Isoforms are

Development of the pancreas in an embryo into a dual gland that has both exocrine and endocrine functions begins when

About __ of the human genome encodes tRNA.

An example of the utility of gene expression profiling in a clinical situation is

A treatment for some forms of anemia is to take a drug that turns on transcription of fetal hemoglobin.This would increase the proportion of _____ globin chains.

The most abundant type of DNA repeat sequence is called a

"Epigenetic" means

The most important chemical group that determines how tightly histones bind DNA is

Transcription factors account for a greater proportion of the proteome in a fetus compared to a 20-year-old because

Epigenetic changes

A typical human cell contains

Which metaphors correctly compare chromatin remodeling and microRNA function?

Overview of Genetics

Cells

Meiosis and Development

Single-Gene Inheritance

Beyond Mendels Law

Matters of Sex

Multifactorial Traits

Genetics of Behavior

DNA Structure and Replication

Gene Action: From Dna to Protein

Gene Mutation

Chromosomes

Constant Allele Frequencies

Changing Allele Frequencies

Human Ancestry

Genetics of Immunity

Genetics of Cancer

Genetic Technologies: Amplifying, Modifying, and Monitoring DNA

Genetic Testing and Treatment

Reproductive Technologies

Genomics

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