Question 1

For aquatic organisms,

Accepted Answer

A)  drainage lakes are more isolated than seepage lakes. 
B)  seepage lakes are more isolated than drainage lakes. 
C)  seepage and drainage lakes are equally isolated. 
D)  seepage lakes include more habitat area than drainage lakes. 
E)  because they have stream inlets and outlets, seepage lakes include more habitat types than drainage lakes. 
A)  drainage lakes are more isolated than seepage lakes. 
B)  seepage lakes are more isolated than drainage lakes. 
C)  seepage and drainage lakes are equally isolated. 
D)  seepage lakes include more habitat area than drainage lakes. 
E)  because they have stream inlets and outlets, seepage lakes include more habitat types than drainage lakes. B

Question 2

Diversity tends to increase with productivity,both in surveys across habitats and in experimental manipulations within habitats.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  False

Question 3

The equilibrium model of island biogeography predicts that,once equilibrium is reached,an island will be occupied

Accepted Answer

A)  by an unchanging set of species as extinctions and immigrations stop. 
B)  by an unchanging number of species, but extinctions and immigrations will continue. 
C)  by a steadily increasing number of species. 
D)  by a steadily decreasing number of species. 
E)  only by species that evolved on that island. 
A)  by an unchanging set of species as extinctions and immigrations stop. 
B)  by an unchanging number of species, but extinctions and immigrations will continue. 
C)  by a steadily increasing number of species. 
D)  by a steadily decreasing number of species. 
E)  only by species that evolved on that island. B

Question 4

In the American Southwest,forest habitats

Accepted Answer

A)  currently extend unbroken between mountaintops over thousands of km. 
B)  have never extended unbroken between mountaintops. 
C)  last extended unbroken between mountaintops in the Cretaceous. 
D)  last extended unbroken between mountaintops in the Permian. 
E)  last extended unbroken between mountaintops in the Pleistocene. 
A)  currently extend unbroken between mountaintops over thousands of km. 
B)  have never extended unbroken between mountaintops. 
C)  last extended unbroken between mountaintops in the Cretaceous. 
D)  last extended unbroken between mountaintops in the Permian. 
E)  last extended unbroken between mountaintops in the Pleistocene.

Question 5

The scientific exploration of the New World by Alexander van Humboldt and Aimé Bonpland

Accepted Answer

A)  was limited to several coastal sites in modern day Ecuador. 
B)  was limited to low elevation sites along the western coast of modern day Mexico. 
C)  recorded altitudinal distributions of plants and animals. 
D)  reached elevations as high as 3,000 m on the slopes of Chimborazo. 
E)  both covered latitudes ranging from 12$\circ$S to 52$\circ$N and reached elevations as high as 3,000 m on the slopes of Chimborazo. 
A)  was limited to several coastal sites in modern day Ecuador. 
B)  was limited to low elevation sites along the western coast of modern day Mexico. 
C)  recorded altitudinal distributions of plants and animals. 
D)  reached elevations as high as 3,000 m on the slopes of Chimborazo. 
E)  both covered latitudes ranging from 12$\circ$S to 52$\circ$N and reached elevations as high as 3,000 m on the slopes of Chimborazo.

Question 6

Temperate tree diversity is higher in Europe than in North America,because North American trees have been subject to many more glacial extinctions.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

The "time since perturbation" hypothesis proposes that,compared to temperate and polar regions,the tropics are

Accepted Answer

A)  more diverse because humans have not yet had much impact there. 
B)  more diverse because they are disturbed more severely by cooling during glaciations. 
C)  less diverse because they are disturbed more severely by cooling during glaciations. 
D)  more diverse because they are less heterogeneous in habitat. 
E)  more diverse because they are disturbed less frequently. 
A)  more diverse because humans have not yet had much impact there. 
B)  more diverse because they are disturbed more severely by cooling during glaciations. 
C)  less diverse because they are disturbed more severely by cooling during glaciations. 
D)  more diverse because they are less heterogeneous in habitat. 
E)  more diverse because they are disturbed less frequently.

Question 8

A 100-year record of the colonization of Swedish islands by plants shows

Accepted Answer

A)  a diversity-area relationship becoming evident only after many years of colonization. 
B)  a diversity-area relationship established early in colonization, but disappearing as smaller islands "caught up." 
C)  diversity increasing to equilibrium on large islands, but equilibrium not yet reached on smaller ones. 
D)  diversity increasing to equilibrium on small islands, but not on large ones. 
E)  diversity increasing rapidly to equilibrium on all islands. 
A)  a diversity-area relationship becoming evident only after many years of colonization. 
B)  a diversity-area relationship established early in colonization, but disappearing as smaller islands "caught up." 
C)  diversity increasing to equilibrium on large islands, but equilibrium not yet reached on smaller ones. 
D)  diversity increasing to equilibrium on small islands, but not on large ones. 
E)  diversity increasing rapidly to equilibrium on all islands.

Question 9

Which of the following correctly explains the relationship between number of bird species and the area of islands in the West Indies?

Accepted Answer

A)  Smaller islands support the fewest number of bird species. 
B)  Larger islands support the fewest number of bird species. 
C)  Intermediate sized islands support the greatest number of bird species. 
D)  Intermediate sized islands support the fewest number of bird species. 
E)  Island area has no affect on the number of bird species. 
A)  Smaller islands support the fewest number of bird species. 
B)  Larger islands support the fewest number of bird species. 
C)  Intermediate sized islands support the greatest number of bird species. 
D)  Intermediate sized islands support the fewest number of bird species. 
E)  Island area has no affect on the number of bird species.

Question 10

Computer software programs for storing,analyzing,and displaying geographically-structured data are known as _______________.

Accepted Answer

geographic

Question 11

Mean annual temperature

Accepted Answer

A)  is highest at the equator but decreases steadily above 10$\circ$ latitude on either side of the equator. 
B)  is highest at the equator but decreases exponentially above 10$\circ$ latitude on either side of the equator. 
C)  is highest at the equator but decreases exponentially above 50$\circ$ latitude on either side of the equator. 
D)  is highest at the equator but decreases linearly above 25$\circ$ latitude on either side of the equator. 
E)  is highest at the equator but decreases exponentially above 25$\circ$ latitude on either side of the equator. 
A)  is highest at the equator but decreases steadily above 10$\circ$ latitude on either side of the equator. 
B)  is highest at the equator but decreases exponentially above 10$\circ$ latitude on either side of the equator. 
C)  is highest at the equator but decreases exponentially above 50$\circ$ latitude on either side of the equator. 
D)  is highest at the equator but decreases linearly above 25$\circ$ latitude on either side of the equator. 
E)  is highest at the equator but decreases exponentially above 25$\circ$ latitude on either side of the equator.

Question 12

The number of montane mammal species ________ as the ______ of available habitat increases in the mountain ranges of the American Southwest.

Accepted Answer

A)  increases, isolation 
B)  decreases, area 
C)  remains constant, area 
D)  increases, area 
E)  remains constant, isolation 
A)  increases, isolation 
B)  decreases, area 
C)  remains constant, area 
D)  increases, area 
E)  remains constant, isolation

Question 13

Birds on oceanic islands have highest diversity on

Accepted Answer

A)  large islands close to the mainland. 
B)  large islands far from the mainland. 
C)  small islands close to the mainland. 
D)  small islands far from the mainland. 
E)  small islands of recent geologic origin. 
A)  large islands close to the mainland. 
B)  large islands far from the mainland. 
C)  small islands close to the mainland. 
D)  small islands far from the mainland. 
E)  small islands of recent geologic origin.

Question 14

A positive relationship between area and species diversity is commonly observed for

Accepted Answer

A)  oceanic islands. 
B)  lakes. 
C)  wooded mountaintops in the American Southwest. 
D)  All of the choices are correct. 
E)  None of the choices are correct. 
A)  oceanic islands. 
B)  lakes. 
C)  wooded mountaintops in the American Southwest. 
D)  All of the choices are correct. 
E)  None of the choices are correct.

Question 15

The equilibrium model of island biogeography predicts

Accepted Answer

A)  large islands, nearer a source of colonists, will support the fewest number of species. 
B)  small islands, farther from a source of colonists, will support the fewest number of species. 
C)  small islands, nearer a source of colonists, will support the fewest number of species. 
D)  large islands, farther from a source of colonists, will support the greatest number of species. 
E)  both large islands, farther from a source of colonists, will support the greatest number of species and small islands, farther from a source of colonists, will support the fewest number of species. 
A)  large islands, nearer a source of colonists, will support the fewest number of species. 
B)  small islands, farther from a source of colonists, will support the fewest number of species. 
C)  small islands, nearer a source of colonists, will support the fewest number of species. 
D)  large islands, farther from a source of colonists, will support the greatest number of species. 
E)  both large islands, farther from a source of colonists, will support the greatest number of species and small islands, farther from a source of colonists, will support the fewest number of species.

Question 16

MacArthur and Wilson found as distance from New Guinea _______ the number of bird species on Pacific Islands ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  increases, decreases 
B)  increases, increases 
C)  decreases, decreases 
D)  increases, remains constant 
E)  Distance from New Guinea has no affect on the number of bird species. 
A)  increases, decreases 
B)  increases, increases 
C)  decreases, decreases 
D)  increases, remains constant 
E)  Distance from New Guinea has no affect on the number of bird species.

Question 17

Which of the following is not a hypothesis proposed by ecologists to explain increased species diversity in the tropics?

Accepted Answer

A)  increased time since perturbation in the tropics over temperate regions 
B)  increased productivity in the tropics over temperate regions 
C)  increased environmental homogeneity in the tropics over temperate regions 
D)  increased favorable environments in the tropics over temperate regions 
E)  increased speciation rates and decreased extinction rates in the tropics over temperate regions 
A)  increased time since perturbation in the tropics over temperate regions 
B)  increased productivity in the tropics over temperate regions 
C)  increased environmental homogeneity in the tropics over temperate regions 
D)  increased favorable environments in the tropics over temperate regions 
E)  increased speciation rates and decreased extinction rates in the tropics over temperate regions

Question 18

Daniel Simberloff studied recolonization by

Accepted Answer

A)  birds on California islands after defaunation by storms. 
B)  birds on California islands after defaunation by experimental fumigation. 
C)  arthropods on Florida mangrove islands after defaunation by storms. 
D)  arthropods on Florida mangrove islands after defaunation by experimental fumigation. 
E)  small mammals on desert mountaintops after defaunation by climate change. 
A)  birds on California islands after defaunation by storms. 
B)  birds on California islands after defaunation by experimental fumigation. 
C)  arthropods on Florida mangrove islands after defaunation by storms. 
D)  arthropods on Florida mangrove islands after defaunation by experimental fumigation. 
E)  small mammals on desert mountaintops after defaunation by climate change.

Question 19

Among the major regions of Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands,diversity is

Accepted Answer

A)  highest in California, which has the largest area. 
B)  highest in California, although it has the smallest area. 
C)  highest in the fynbos of the Cape Floristic Province, which has the largest area. 
D)  highest in the fynbos of the Cape Floristic Province, although it has the smallest area. 
E)  roughly equal across regions, even though they differ in area. 
A)  highest in California, which has the largest area. 
B)  highest in California, although it has the smallest area. 
C)  highest in the fynbos of the Cape Floristic Province, which has the largest area. 
D)  highest in the fynbos of the Cape Floristic Province, although it has the smallest area. 
E)  roughly equal across regions, even though they differ in area.

Question 20

A well-known exception to the usual dependency of diversity on latitude is the ___________ wasps.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A well-known exception to the usual dependency...

Exam 22: Geographic Ecology

For aquatic organisms,

Diversity tends to increase with productivity,both in surveys across habitats and in experimental manipulations within habitats.

The equilibrium model of island biogeography predicts that,once equilibrium is reached,an island will be occupied

In the American Southwest,forest habitats

The scientific exploration of the New World by Alexander van Humboldt and Aimé Bonpland

Temperate tree diversity is higher in Europe than in North America,because North American trees have been subject to many more glacial extinctions.

The "time since perturbation" hypothesis proposes that,compared to temperate and polar regions,the tropics are

A 100-year record of the colonization of Swedish islands by plants shows

Which of the following correctly explains the relationship between number of bird species and the area of islands in the West Indies?

Computer software programs for storing,analyzing,and displaying geographically-structured data are known as _______________.

Mean annual temperature

The number of montane mammal species ________ as the ______ of available habitat increases in the mountain ranges of the American Southwest.

Birds on oceanic islands have highest diversity on

A positive relationship between area and species diversity is commonly observed for

The equilibrium model of island biogeography predicts

MacArthur and Wilson found as distance from New Guinea _______ the number of bird species on Pacific Islands ________.

Which of the following is not a hypothesis proposed by ecologists to explain increased species diversity in the tropics?

Daniel Simberloff studied recolonization by

Among the major regions of Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands,diversity is

A well-known exception to the usual dependency of diversity on latitude is the ___________ wasps.

Introduction to Ecology Historical Foundations and Developing Frontiers

Life on Land

Life in Water

Population Genetics and Natural Selection

Temperature Relations

Water Relations

Energy and Nutrient Relations

Socail Relations

Population Distribution and Abundance

Population Dynamics

Population Growth

Life Histories

Competition

Exploitative Interactions Predation, herbivory, parasitism, and Disease

Mutualism

Species Abundance and Diversity

Species Interactions and Community Structure

Primary Production and Energy Flow

Nutrient Cycling and Retention

Succession and Stability

Landscape Ecology

Global Ecology

Filters

The number of montane mammal species __ as the of available habitat increases in the mountain ranges of the American Southwest.

MacArthur and Wilson found as distance from New Guinea _ the number of bird species on Pacific Islands __.