Question 1

More isolated Finnish meadows support higher densities of Glanville fritillaries.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  False

Question 2

Recent conversion of forests to beaver ponds and wet meadows

Accepted Answer

A)  is producing a novel landscape structure, because beavers have never been as numerous as they are now. 
B)  is producing a novel landscape structure, because beavers previously exploited natural wetlands. 
C)  is restoring prehistoric landscape structure. 
D)  decreases nutrient levels in areas affected by beaver damming. 
E)  increases nutrient levels in remaining forests, but not in beaver ponds. 
A)  is producing a novel landscape structure, because beavers have never been as numerous as they are now. 
B)  is producing a novel landscape structure, because beavers previously exploited natural wetlands. 
C)  is restoring prehistoric landscape structure. 
D)  decreases nutrient levels in areas affected by beaver damming. 
E)  increases nutrient levels in remaining forests, but not in beaver ponds. C

Question 3

A large value of the patch shape index,S = P/(2$ \surd$$\pi$A),indicates a

Accepted Answer

A)  shape near a circle, with a high perimeter-to-area ratio. 
B)  shape near a circle, with a low perimeter-to-area ratio. 
C)  very elongated shape, with a low perimeter-to-area ratio. 
D)  very elongated shape, with a high perimeter-to-area ratio. 
A)  shape near a circle, with a high perimeter-to-area ratio. 
B)  shape near a circle, with a low perimeter-to-area ratio. 
C)  very elongated shape, with a low perimeter-to-area ratio. 
D)  very elongated shape, with a high perimeter-to-area ratio. D

Question 4

A major recent (last 50 years)change in landscape structure of Eastern North America has been

Accepted Answer

A)  fragmentation of forests due to clearing for agricultural use. 
B)  increases in forest cover due to abandonment of agricultural land. 
C)  decreases in forest cover due to climate change. 
D)  increases in forest cover due to climate change. 
E)  decreases in lake habitats due to breaching of dams. 
A)  fragmentation of forests due to clearing for agricultural use. 
B)  increases in forest cover due to abandonment of agricultural land. 
C)  decreases in forest cover due to climate change. 
D)  increases in forest cover due to climate change. 
E)  decreases in lake habitats due to breaching of dams.

Question 5

Mowing experiments in a Kansas prairie established that,for small mammals,

Accepted Answer

A)  moving individuals travel farther in more fragmented landscapes. 
B)  moving individuals travel farther in less fragmented landscapes. 
C)  more individuals move in more fragmented landscapes. 
D)  fragmentation affects movement distance but not the likelihood of movement. 
E)  fragmentation affects the likelihood of movement, but not movement distance. 
A)  moving individuals travel farther in more fragmented landscapes. 
B)  moving individuals travel farther in less fragmented landscapes. 
C)  more individuals move in more fragmented landscapes. 
D)  fragmentation affects movement distance but not the likelihood of movement. 
E)  fragmentation affects the likelihood of movement, but not movement distance.

Question 6

Studies by Hanski,Kuussaari,and Nieminen determined that ______ and _____ of patches strongly influence the size and density of Glanville fritillary butterfly,Melitaea cinxia,populations.

Accepted Answer

A)  area, shape 
B)  perimeter length, area 
C)  area, isolation 
D)  elevation, shape 
E)  isolation, shape 
A)  area, shape 
B)  perimeter length, area 
C)  area, isolation 
D)  elevation, shape 
E)  isolation, shape

Question 7

Connections of similar habitat maintained between habitat fragments are known as ___________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Connections of similar habitat maintained between habitat...

Question 8

A "caliche layer" in soil is

Accepted Answer

A)  a hard layer formed by precipitation of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). 
B)  a hard layer formed by precipitation of nitrates (KNO3, MgNO3) from over-fertilization. 
C)  a water-absorptive layer of peat. 
D)  a layer of younger soil overlaying an old, depleted soil. 
E)  a layer polluted with heavy metals. 
A)  a hard layer formed by precipitation of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). 
B)  a hard layer formed by precipitation of nitrates (KNO3, MgNO3) from over-fertilization. 
C)  a water-absorptive layer of peat. 
D)  a layer of younger soil overlaying an old, depleted soil. 
E)  a layer polluted with heavy metals.

Question 9

McAuliffe found middle to late Pleistocene soils of the Sonoran Desert,which formed hundreds of thousands of years ago,were characterized by

Accepted Answer

A)  a well-developed B horizon. 
B)  high amounts of clay. 
C)  a well-developed caliche layer. 
D)  a well-developed argillic horizon. 
E)  All of the choices are correct. 
A)  a well-developed B horizon. 
B)  high amounts of clay. 
C)  a well-developed caliche layer. 
D)  a well-developed argillic horizon. 
E)  All of the choices are correct.

Question 10

During droughts,water levels are likely to drop most steeply in lakes at the lower end of hydrological flow systems.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

Given the following data,calculate the Mann-Whitney statistic U for the stream draining the boreal forest.

Accepted Answer

A)  6 
B)  7 
C)  41 
D)  43 
E)  None of the choices are correct. 
A)  6 
B)  7 
C)  41 
D)  43 
E)  None of the choices are correct.

Question 12

Flood control on the Kissimmee River of Florida

Accepted Answer

A)  was achieved primarily by regulating water input to Lake Kissimmee. 
B)  greatly decreased wetland area in the river basin. 
C)  allowed increased populations of game fish, including largemouth bass. 
D)  All of the choices are correct. 
E)  both greatly decreased wetland area in the river basin and allowed increased populations of game fish, including largemouth bass. 
A)  was achieved primarily by regulating water input to Lake Kissimmee. 
B)  greatly decreased wetland area in the river basin. 
C)  allowed increased populations of game fish, including largemouth bass. 
D)  All of the choices are correct. 
E)  both greatly decreased wetland area in the river basin and allowed increased populations of game fish, including largemouth bass.

Question 13

A heterogeneous area consisting of a patchwork of distinctive ecosystems is called a ___________.

Accepted Answer

A)  habitat 
B)  matrix 
C)  landscape 
D)  geographic unit 
E)  community 
A)  habitat 
B)  matrix 
C)  landscape 
D)  geographic unit 
E)  community

Question 14

In studies of experimental clear-cuts at the Savannah River Site,open patches connected to other open patches

Accepted Answer

A)  had higher butterfly densities. 
B)  supported more frequent butterfly movements. 
C)  had higher rates of plant pollination. 
D)  All of the choices are correct. 
E)  both had higher butterfly densities and had higher rates of plant pollination. 
A)  had higher butterfly densities. 
B)  supported more frequent butterfly movements. 
C)  had higher rates of plant pollination. 
D)  All of the choices are correct. 
E)  both had higher butterfly densities and had higher rates of plant pollination.

Question 15

"Argyllic horizons" in soil are rich in

Accepted Answer

A)  phosphorous. 
B)  organic matter. 
C)  sand. 
D)  gravel. 
E)  clay. 
A)  phosphorous. 
B)  organic matter. 
C)  sand. 
D)  gravel. 
E)  clay.

Question 16

Vegetation in bajadas of the Arizona Sonoran Desert

Accepted Answer

A)  is largely uniform, as are the soils it grows on. 
B)  is largely uniform, despite variation in the soils it grows on. 
C)  varies in space, primarily reflecting a mosaic of ancient and recently disturbed patches. 
D)  varies in space, primarily reflecting a mosaic of soil types. 
E)  varies in space, primarily reflecting patchy enrichment by agricultural fertilization. 
A)  is largely uniform, as are the soils it grows on. 
B)  is largely uniform, despite variation in the soils it grows on. 
C)  varies in space, primarily reflecting a mosaic of ancient and recently disturbed patches. 
D)  varies in space, primarily reflecting a mosaic of soil types. 
E)  varies in space, primarily reflecting patchy enrichment by agricultural fertilization.

Question 17

Haddad and Baum demonstrated that corridors between patches of open habitat in dense 40- to 50-year-old pine forests of South Carolina

Accepted Answer

A)  increased the frequency of movement of two butterfly species, common buckeye and variegated fritillary, between patches. 
B)  resulted in higher rates of pollination of plants growing in connected patches. 
C)  resulted in higher rates of seed dispersal of plants growing in connected patches. 
D)  both increased the frequency of movement of two butterfly species, common buckeye and variegated fritillary, between patches, and resulted in higher rates of pollination of plants growing in connected patches. 
E)  All of the choices are correct. 
A)  increased the frequency of movement of two butterfly species, common buckeye and variegated fritillary, between patches. 
B)  resulted in higher rates of pollination of plants growing in connected patches. 
C)  resulted in higher rates of seed dispersal of plants growing in connected patches. 
D)  both increased the frequency of movement of two butterfly species, common buckeye and variegated fritillary, between patches, and resulted in higher rates of pollination of plants growing in connected patches. 
E)  All of the choices are correct.

Question 18

Ecotones are transitional habitat between two ecosystems,which usually include a mix of the physical and biological properties of both ecosystems.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

Which of the following statements is true concerning the fire regimes of southern California and northern Baja California?

Accepted Answer

A)  The total area burned each year in southern California is approximately 2X the total area burned each year in northern Baja California. 
B)  The total area burned each year in northern Baja California is approximately 2X the total area burned each year in southern California. 
C)  Less frequent, larger fires burn each year in southern California than in northern Baja California. 
D)  More frequent, smaller fires burn each year in southern California than in northern Baja California. 
E)  Because of similarities in climate, vegetation, and fire history, there are few quantifiable differences in the fire regime of southern California and northern Baja California. 
A)  The total area burned each year in southern California is approximately 2X the total area burned each year in northern Baja California. 
B)  The total area burned each year in northern Baja California is approximately 2X the total area burned each year in southern California. 
C)  Less frequent, larger fires burn each year in southern California than in northern Baja California. 
D)  More frequent, smaller fires burn each year in southern California than in northern Baja California. 
E)  Because of similarities in climate, vegetation, and fire history, there are few quantifiable differences in the fire regime of southern California and northern Baja California.

Question 20

Vegetation in southern California burns frequently because

Accepted Answer

A)  summers there are hot and very dry. 
B)  the vegetation contains highly flammable oils. 
C)  lightning strikes easily ignite dry vegetation. 
D)  human activities provide sources of ignition. 
E)  All of the choices are correct. 
A)  summers there are hot and very dry. 
B)  the vegetation contains highly flammable oils. 
C)  lightning strikes easily ignite dry vegetation. 
D)  human activities provide sources of ignition. 
E)  All of the choices are correct.

Exam 21: Landscape Ecology

More isolated Finnish meadows support higher densities of Glanville fritillaries.

Recent conversion of forests to beaver ponds and wet meadows

A large value of the patch shape index,S = P/(2 √ \surd√π\piπ A),indicates a

A major recent (last 50 years)change in landscape structure of Eastern North America has been

Mowing experiments in a Kansas prairie established that,for small mammals,

Studies by Hanski,Kuussaari,and Nieminen determined that ______ and _____ of patches strongly influence the size and density of Glanville fritillary butterfly,Melitaea cinxia,populations.

Connections of similar habitat maintained between habitat fragments are known as ___________.

A "caliche layer" in soil is

McAuliffe found middle to late Pleistocene soils of the Sonoran Desert,which formed hundreds of thousands of years ago,were characterized by

During droughts,water levels are likely to drop most steeply in lakes at the lower end of hydrological flow systems.

Given the following data,calculate the Mann-Whitney statistic U for the stream draining the boreal forest.

Flood control on the Kissimmee River of Florida

A heterogeneous area consisting of a patchwork of distinctive ecosystems is called a ___________.

In studies of experimental clear-cuts at the Savannah River Site,open patches connected to other open patches

"Argyllic horizons" in soil are rich in

Vegetation in bajadas of the Arizona Sonoran Desert

Haddad and Baum demonstrated that corridors between patches of open habitat in dense 40- to 50-year-old pine forests of South Carolina

Ecotones are transitional habitat between two ecosystems,which usually include a mix of the physical and biological properties of both ecosystems.

Which of the following statements is true concerning the fire regimes of southern California and northern Baja California?

Vegetation in southern California burns frequently because

Introduction to Ecology Historical Foundations and Developing Frontiers

Life on Land

Life in Water

Population Genetics and Natural Selection

Temperature Relations

Water Relations

Energy and Nutrient Relations

Socail Relations

Population Distribution and Abundance

Population Dynamics

Population Growth

Life Histories

Competition

Exploitative Interactions Predation, herbivory, parasitism, and Disease

Mutualism

Species Abundance and Diversity

Species Interactions and Community Structure

Primary Production and Energy Flow

Nutrient Cycling and Retention

Succession and Stability

Geographic Ecology

Global Ecology

Filters

A large value of the patch shape index,S = P/(2 $\surd$ $\pi$ A),indicates a

Studies by Hanski,Kuussaari,and Nieminen determined that __ and _ of patches strongly influence the size and density of Glanville fritillary butterfly,Melitaea cinxia,populations.