Question 1

Match chemicals below with the correct characteristic.
-Is acted upon by converting enzyme.

Accepted Answer

A) renin 
B) angiotensinogen 
C) angiotensin I 
D) angiotensin II 
E) aldosterone
F)atrial natriuretic peptide 
A) renin 
B) angiotensinogen 
C) angiotensin I 
D) angiotensin II 
E) aldosterone
F)atrial natriuretic peptide

Question 2

Extrinsic control of the GFR

Accepted Answer

A)  is mediated by sympathetic nervous system input to the afferent arterioles. 
B)  is aimed at the regulation of arterial blood pressure. 
C)  does not require a special mechanism but occurs as part of the baroreceptor reflex. 
D)  can override autoregulatory mechanisms 
E)  all of these answers. 
A)  is mediated by sympathetic nervous system input to the afferent arterioles. 
B)  is aimed at the regulation of arterial blood pressure. 
C)  does not require a special mechanism but occurs as part of the baroreceptor reflex. 
D)  can override autoregulatory mechanisms 
E)  all of these answers.

Question 3

By reabsorption, substances leave the tubules of the nephrons and return to the blood in the ____________________.

Accepted Answer

peritubula

Question 4

Urea

Accepted Answer

A)  is a waste product resulting from the breakdown of protein. 
B)  is passively reabsorbed at the end of the proximal tubule down a urea concentration gradient created by the osmotic-induced reabsorption of water from the proximal tubule. 
C)  recycling between the late portion of the collecting tubule and the long loops of Henle contributes to medullary hypertonicity. 
D)  both (a) and (b) above. 
E)  all of these answers. 
A)  is a waste product resulting from the breakdown of protein. 
B)  is passively reabsorbed at the end of the proximal tubule down a urea concentration gradient created by the osmotic-induced reabsorption of water from the proximal tubule. 
C)  recycling between the late portion of the collecting tubule and the long loops of Henle contributes to medullary hypertonicity. 
D)  both (a) and (b) above. 
E)  all of these answers.

Question 5

The kidneys keep the urine volume and composition essentially constant.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

Which of the following statements concerning the countercurrent system is incorrect?

Accepted Answer

A)  the loops of Henle of juxtamedullary nephrons are responsible for establishing a vertical osmotic gradient in the interstitial fluid of the renal medulla by countercurrent multiplication. 
B)  the active NaCl pump of the ascending limb of Henle's limb can establish a 1,200 mosm/liter concentration difference between the ascending and descending limbs at any given horizontal level. 
C)  by means of countercurrent exchange, the vasa recta preserve the vertical osmotic gradient while supplying blood to the medullary tissue. 
D)  the collecting tubules of all nephrons utilize the driving force of the vertical osmotic gradient to accomplish variable H2O reabsorption under the control of vasopressin, which governs their permeability. 
E)  the filtrate is isotonic as it enters the loop of Henle, hypertonic at the tip of the loop of Henle, and hypotonic as it leaves the loop of Henle. 
A)  the loops of Henle of juxtamedullary nephrons are responsible for establishing a vertical osmotic gradient in the interstitial fluid of the renal medulla by countercurrent multiplication. 
B)  the active NaCl pump of the ascending limb of Henle's limb can establish a 1,200 mosm/liter concentration difference between the ascending and descending limbs at any given horizontal level. 
C)  by means of countercurrent exchange, the vasa recta preserve the vertical osmotic gradient while supplying blood to the medullary tissue. 
D)  the collecting tubules of all nephrons utilize the driving force of the vertical osmotic gradient to accomplish variable H2O reabsorption under the control of vasopressin, which governs their permeability. 
E)  the filtrate is isotonic as it enters the loop of Henle, hypertonic at the tip of the loop of Henle, and hypotonic as it leaves the loop of Henle.

Question 7

Match chemicals below with the correct characteristic.
-Its secretion is directly stimulated by angiotensin II.

Accepted Answer

A) renin 
B) angiotensinogen 
C) angiotensin I 
D) angiotensin II 
E) aldosterone
F)atrial natriuretic peptide 
A) renin 
B) angiotensinogen 
C) angiotensin I 
D) angiotensin II 
E) aldosterone
F)atrial natriuretic peptide

Question 8

What mechanisms are responsible for producing concentrated urine?

Accepted Answer

A)  the juxtamedullary nephrons become active. 
B)  the counter-current mechanism pulls out much water. 
C)  vasopressin causes facultative water reabsorption in distal tubule. 
D)  both (a) and (b) above. 
E)  all of these answers. 
A)  the juxtamedullary nephrons become active. 
B)  the counter-current mechanism pulls out much water. 
C)  vasopressin causes facultative water reabsorption in distal tubule. 
D)  both (a) and (b) above. 
E)  all of these answers.

Question 9

Plasma proteins are normally found in the fluid of the proximal tubules but are reabsorbed before the fluid enters the collecting ducts..

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

Match chemicals below with the correct characteristic.
-Directly stimulates Na+ reabsorption by the distal and collecting tubules.

Accepted Answer

A) renin 
B) angiotensinogen 
C) angiotensin I 
D) angiotensin II 
E) aldosterone
F)atrial natriuretic peptide 
A) renin 
B) angiotensinogen 
C) angiotensin I 
D) angiotensin II 
E) aldosterone
F)atrial natriuretic peptide

Question 11

Which nephron structure is especially important in the kidney's ability to produce urine of varying concentration?

Accepted Answer

A)  Bowman' capsule. 
B)  proximal tubule. 
C)  distal tubule. 
D)  loop of Henle. 
E)  glomerulus. 
A)  Bowman' capsule. 
B)  proximal tubule. 
C)  distal tubule. 
D)  loop of Henle. 
E)  glomerulus.

Question 12

Which structure is the primary target for aldosterone?

Accepted Answer

A)  proximal convoluted tubule. 
B)  glomerulus. 
C)  distal convoluted tubule. 
D)  loop of Henle. 
E)  none of these answers. 
A)  proximal convoluted tubule. 
B)  glomerulus. 
C)  distal convoluted tubule. 
D)  loop of Henle. 
E)  none of these answers.

Question 13

Indicate whether the first item in the statement increases, decreases, or has no effect on the second item by filling in the appropriate letter using the following answer code.
-Increased vasopressin secretion _____ urinary output.

Accepted Answer

A) increases 
B) decreases 
C) has no effect on 
A) increases 
B) decreases 
C) has no effect on

Question 14

Match renal structure or activity with correct characteristic.
-proximal tubule

Accepted Answer

A) Collecting tubules empty into this structure. 
B) Stores the urine. 
C) Passage of substances from the peritubular into the tubular lumen. 
D) When dilated leads to an increase in GFR. 
E) Tuft of capillaries found in close approximation to the Bowman's capsule.
F)Function of the glomerulus.
G)Urine is forced through this structure by peristalsis.
H)Collects the glomerular filtrate.
I)Passage of substances from the tubular lumen into the peritubular capillaries.
J)Functional unit of the kidney.
K)Supplies the renal tissue with O2 and nutrients.
L)Carries blood from glomerulus into peritubular capillaries.
M)Tube through which urine leaves the body.
N)Variable water and sodium reabsorption occur here under hormonal control.
O)Responsible for the vertical osmotic gradient in the medulla of the kidney.
P)Glucose and amino acid reabsorption occur here. 
A) Collecting tubules empty into this structure. 
B) Stores the urine. 
C) Passage of substances from the peritubular into the tubular lumen. 
D) When dilated leads to an increase in GFR. 
E) Tuft of capillaries found in close approximation to the Bowman's capsule.
F)Function of the glomerulus.
G)Urine is forced through this structure by peristalsis.
H)Collects the glomerular filtrate.
I)Passage of substances from the tubular lumen into the peritubular capillaries.
J)Functional unit of the kidney.
K)Supplies the renal tissue with O2 and nutrients.
L)Carries blood from glomerulus into peritubular capillaries.
M)Tube through which urine leaves the body.
N)Variable water and sodium reabsorption occur here under hormonal control.
O)Responsible for the vertical osmotic gradient in the medulla of the kidney.
P)Glucose and amino acid reabsorption occur here.

Question 15

MATCHING: ART
   
The accompanying figure relates to the steps of transepithelial transport. The barriers a substance must cross are labeled in the diagram 1-5. Match the sequence of barriers crossed with the descriptions using the key below.
-luminal cell membrane

Accepted Answer

A) Step 1 
B) Step 2 
C) Step 3 
D) Step 4 
E) Step 5 
A) Step 1 
B) Step 2 
C) Step 3 
D) Step 4 
E) Step 5

Question 16

The urinary bladder

Accepted Answer

A)  is a temporary storage site for urine. 
B)  wall is stretched by 200 to 400 ml of urine, which stimulates stretch receptors that initiate the micturition reflex. 
C)  contracts when parasympathetic nerves stimulate it. 
D)  all of these answers. 
E)  none of these answers. 
A)  is a temporary storage site for urine. 
B)  wall is stretched by 200 to 400 ml of urine, which stimulates stretch receptors that initiate the micturition reflex. 
C)  contracts when parasympathetic nerves stimulate it. 
D)  all of these answers. 
E)  none of these answers.

Question 17

The glomerular filtration rate

Accepted Answer

A)  averages 125 ml/min. 
B)  varies significantly as blood pressure changes 
C)  represents 60 to 65% of the cardiac output. 
D)  can be measured by calculating inulin clearance 
E)  any two of the above 
A)  averages 125 ml/min. 
B)  varies significantly as blood pressure changes 
C)  represents 60 to 65% of the cardiac output. 
D)  can be measured by calculating inulin clearance 
E)  any two of the above

Question 18

Which of the following forces oppose glomerular filtration?

Accepted Answer

A)  blood colloid-osmotic pressure. 
B)  Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure. 
C)  glomerular-capillary blood pressure. 
D)  both (a) and (b) above. 
E)  both (b) and (c) above. 
A)  blood colloid-osmotic pressure. 
B)  Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure. 
C)  glomerular-capillary blood pressure. 
D)  both (a) and (b) above. 
E)  both (b) and (c) above.

Question 19

Which of the following statements about juxtamedullary nephrons is incorrect?

Accepted Answer

A)  their glomeruli lie in the renal medulla. 
B)  they are important in the ability of the kidneys to concentrate urine. 
C)  their loops of Henle dip deep into the medulla. 
D)  their peritubular capillaries form vasa recta. 
E)  they are not the predominant type of nephron found in human kidneys. 
A)  their glomeruli lie in the renal medulla. 
B)  they are important in the ability of the kidneys to concentrate urine. 
C)  their loops of Henle dip deep into the medulla. 
D)  their peritubular capillaries form vasa recta. 
E)  they are not the predominant type of nephron found in human kidneys.

Question 20

Which factor would reduce the net filtration pressure the most?

Accepted Answer

A)  vasodilation of the afferent arteriole. 
B)  vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole. 
C)  a large increase in blood colloid osmotic pressure. 
D)  a low capsular hydrostatic pressure. 
E)  a high glomerular hydrostatic pressure. 
A)  vasodilation of the afferent arteriole. 
B)  vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole. 
C)  a large increase in blood colloid osmotic pressure. 
D)  a low capsular hydrostatic pressure. 
E)  a high glomerular hydrostatic pressure.

Match chemicals below with the correct characteristic. -Is acted upon by converting enzyme.

Extrinsic control of the GFR

By reabsorption, substances leave the tubules of the nephrons and return to the blood in the ____________________.

Urea

The kidneys keep the urine volume and composition essentially constant.

Which of the following statements concerning the countercurrent system is incorrect?

Match chemicals below with the correct characteristic. -Its secretion is directly stimulated by angiotensin II.

What mechanisms are responsible for producing concentrated urine?

Plasma proteins are normally found in the fluid of the proximal tubules but are reabsorbed before the fluid enters the collecting ducts..

Match chemicals below with the correct characteristic. -Directly stimulates Na⁺ reabsorption by the distal and collecting tubules.

Which nephron structure is especially important in the kidney's ability to produce urine of varying concentration?

Which structure is the primary target for aldosterone?

Indicate whether the first item in the statement increases, decreases, or has no effect on the second item by filling in the appropriate letter using the following answer code. -Increased vasopressin secretion _____ urinary output.

Match renal structure or activity with correct characteristic. -proximal tubule

MATCHING: ART The accompanying figure relates to the steps of transepithelial transport. The barriers a substance must cross are labeled in the diagram 1-5. Match the sequence of barriers crossed with the descriptions using the key below. -luminal cell membrane

The urinary bladder

The glomerular filtration rate

Which of the following forces oppose glomerular filtration?

Which of the following statements about juxtamedullary nephrons is incorrect?

Which factor would reduce the net filtration pressure the most?

Introduction to Physiology and Homeostasis

Cell Physiology

The Plasma Membrane and Membrane Potential

Principles of Neural and Hormonal Communication

The Central Nervous System

The Peripheral Nervous System: Afferent Division and Special Senses

The Peripheral Nervous System: Efferent Division

Muscle Physiology

Cardiac Physiology

The Blood Vessels and Blood Pressure

The Blood and Body Defenses

The Respiratory System

Fluid and Acid-Base Balance

The Digestive System

Energy Balance and Temperature Regulation

The Endocrine System

The Reproductive System

Filters

Exam 13: The Urinary System

Match chemicals below with the correct characteristic. -Is acted upon by converting enzyme.

Extrinsic control of the GFR

By reabsorption, substances leave the tubules of the nephrons and return to the blood in the ____________________.

Urea

The kidneys keep the urine volume and composition essentially constant.

Which of the following statements concerning the countercurrent system is incorrect?

Match chemicals below with the correct characteristic. -Its secretion is directly stimulated by angiotensin II.

What mechanisms are responsible for producing concentrated urine?

Plasma proteins are normally found in the fluid of the proximal tubules but are reabsorbed before the fluid enters the collecting ducts..

Match chemicals below with the correct characteristic. -Directly stimulates Na+ reabsorption by the distal and collecting tubules.

Which nephron structure is especially important in the kidney's ability to produce urine of varying concentration?

Which structure is the primary target for aldosterone?

Indicate whether the first item in the statement increases, decreases, or has no effect on the second item by filling in the appropriate letter using the following answer code. -Increased vasopressin secretion _____ urinary output.

Match renal structure or activity with correct characteristic. -proximal tubule

MATCHING: ART The accompanying figure relates to the steps of transepithelial transport. The barriers a substance must cross are labeled in the diagram 1-5. Match the sequence of barriers crossed with the descriptions using the key below. -luminal cell membrane

The urinary bladder

The glomerular filtration rate

Which of the following forces oppose glomerular filtration?

Which of the following statements about juxtamedullary nephrons is incorrect?

Which factor would reduce the net filtration pressure the most?

Introduction to Physiology and Homeostasis

Cell Physiology

The Plasma Membrane and Membrane Potential

Principles of Neural and Hormonal Communication

The Central Nervous System

The Peripheral Nervous System: Afferent Division and Special Senses

The Peripheral Nervous System: Efferent Division

Muscle Physiology

Cardiac Physiology

The Blood Vessels and Blood Pressure

The Blood and Body Defenses

The Respiratory System

Fluid and Acid-Base Balance

The Digestive System

Energy Balance and Temperature Regulation

The Endocrine System

The Reproductive System

Filters

Match chemicals below with the correct characteristic. -Directly stimulates Na⁺ reabsorption by the distal and collecting tubules.