Exam 6: Control Problems in Experimental Research

The creation of equivalent groups is the major design problem for __________ designs.

In a cross-sectional comparison of intelligence in people aged 20, 40, and 60, differences might be due to aging but they might also be due to the different rearing conditions experienced by participants. This latter interpretation illustrates a(n) _______ effect.

The term ________ effect has traditionally been used to describe what happens when participants do not behave normally, simply because they know they are part of an experiment.

Demand characteristics, and therefore subject bias, can be reduced by using

Use the Sigall and Ostrove (Barbara Helm) study as a way of showing how some studies require the use of a between-subjects rather than a within-subjects design.

The performance of participants in a within-subjects design sometimes deteriorates because of fatigue or boredom. This problem is known as

In the research example that used Starbucks coffee, participants did not know whether they were drinking regular or caffeine. They were later tested for memory by experimenters who did not know which group the participants were in. Which of the following is true about this study?

If participants only experience each of the study's conditions one time, then all of the following counterbalancing techniques can be used except

In a study with three conditions in which participants are tested in each condition more than once, reverse counterbalancing would produce which of the following sequences?

In a taste test comparing popcorn brands A, B, and C, participants only try each brand once, and an equal number of subjects experience each of the six possible sequences. Which type of counterbalancing is being used?

In a study by Sigall and Ostrove, participants recommended jail sentences for "Barbara Helm." The study is a good example of

Longitudinal design is to cross-sectional design as ______ is to _______.

The sequence ABCDDCBA is indicative of __________ counterbalancing.

A within-subjects design

Describe the origins of the term Hawthorne effect, and explain what the term means today.

The two most common techniques for creating equivalent groups are _________ and ___________.

In a taste test comparing popcorn brands A, B, C and D, the experimenter decides to use complete counterbalancing. Assuming that one subject will be tested in each of the sequences used, how many people will be needed to complete the study?

In order to insure that equal numbers of participants are randomly assigned to each condition of a study, _______ is sometimes used.

When using matching to create equivalent groups, a matching variable is

In a between-subjects design, the differences between conditions could be due to all of the following except