Question 1

Choose the option that represents the correct pathway that information flows when a person speaks a written word.

Accepted Answer

A)  Wernicke's area; visual cortex; angular gyrus; Broca's area; pre-motor cortex 
B)  Visual cortex; Broca's area; angular gyrus; Wernicke's area; primary somatosensory cortex 
C)  Visual cortex; angular gyrus; Wernicke's area; Broca's area; primary motor cortex 
D)  Visual cortex; primary motor cortex; angular gyrus; Wernicke's area; Broca's area 
E)  Angular gyrus; primary motor cortex; Wernicke's area; Broca's area; visual cortex 
A)  Wernicke's area; visual cortex; angular gyrus; Broca's area; pre-motor cortex 
B)  Visual cortex; Broca's area; angular gyrus; Wernicke's area; primary somatosensory cortex 
C)  Visual cortex; angular gyrus; Wernicke's area; Broca's area; primary motor cortex 
D)  Visual cortex; primary motor cortex; angular gyrus; Wernicke's area; Broca's area 
E)  Angular gyrus; primary motor cortex; Wernicke's area; Broca's area; visual cortex

Question 2

Refer to the figure, which shows the rate of action potentials in a ganglion cell.   The ganglion cell being monitored is inhibited from firing action potentials when

Accepted Answer

A)  a small spot of light is received by the center of the receptive field. 
B)  the receptive field is in complete darkness. 
C)  the entire receptive field is presented with a large spot of light. 
D)  the receptive field is in the dark after a small spot of light is delivered. 
E)  a ring of light excluding the center of the receptive field is delivered. 
A)  a small spot of light is received by the center of the receptive field. 
B)  the receptive field is in complete darkness. 
C)  the entire receptive field is presented with a large spot of light. 
D)  the receptive field is in the dark after a small spot of light is delivered. 
E)  a ring of light excluding the center of the receptive field is delivered.

Question 3

The central nervous system receives all of the following except:

Accepted Answer

A)  chemical information from hormones. 
B)  neural information concerning sound. 
C)  neural information about deep body temperature. 
D)  neural information from autonomic efferents. 
E)  neural information concerning blood pressure. 
A)  chemical information from hormones. 
B)  neural information concerning sound. 
C)  neural information about deep body temperature. 
D)  neural information from autonomic efferents. 
E)  neural information concerning blood pressure.

Question 4

Which of the following ganglion cells in the retina would be maximally stimulated under the conditions listed?

Accepted Answer

A)  No light falling on the receptive field of an on-center ganglion cell 
B)  Light falling on the receptive field's center of an off-center ganglion cell 
C)  Light falling on the receptive field's surround of an on-center ganglion cell 
D)  Light falling on the receptive field's surround of an off-center ganglion cell 
E)  Light falling outside of the receptive field of an on-center ganglion cell 
A)  No light falling on the receptive field of an on-center ganglion cell 
B)  Light falling on the receptive field's center of an off-center ganglion cell 
C)  Light falling on the receptive field's surround of an on-center ganglion cell 
D)  Light falling on the receptive field's surround of an off-center ganglion cell 
E)  Light falling outside of the receptive field of an on-center ganglion cell

Question 5

Photoreceptors in the surround portion of a receptive field modify the light information received by photoreceptors in the center of the receptive field.They accomplish this by

Accepted Answer

A)  firing action potentials onto the photoreceptors in the center. 
B)  modifying communication between the center photoreceptors and their bipolar cells through horizontal and amacrine cells. 
C)  reducing the communication between the center and the surround. 
D)  expanding communication to adjacent receptive fields. 
E)  blocking bipolar cell transmission to retinal ganglion cells. 
A)  firing action potentials onto the photoreceptors in the center. 
B)  modifying communication between the center photoreceptors and their bipolar cells through horizontal and amacrine cells. 
C)  reducing the communication between the center and the surround. 
D)  expanding communication to adjacent receptive fields. 
E)  blocking bipolar cell transmission to retinal ganglion cells.

Question 6

The division of the autonomic nervous system that results in an acceleration of heartbeat is the _______ division.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The division of the autonomic nervous system...

Question 7

Public speaking causes many people to get a dry mouth.This happens because

Accepted Answer

A)  the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is stimulated. 
B)  acetylcholine is released on target salivary glands. 
C)  preganglionic noradrenergic neurons are stimulated. 
D)  the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is stimulated. 
E)  preganglionic neurons from the cranial nerves are stimulated. 
A)  the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is stimulated. 
B)  acetylcholine is released on target salivary glands. 
C)  preganglionic noradrenergic neurons are stimulated. 
D)  the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is stimulated. 
E)  preganglionic neurons from the cranial nerves are stimulated.

Question 8

Information flows in the adult brain in a linear manner that reflects the order of regions of the developing brain.All information traveling between the spinal cord and higher brain areas must pass through the _______, which is made up of parts of the hindbrain and midbrain.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Information flows in the adult brain in...

Question 9

Long-term potentiation can be described as

Accepted Answer

A)  high-frequency electrical stimulation of neural circuits, making them more sensitive to subsequent stimulation. 
B)  high-frequency electrical stimulation of neural circuits, making them less sensitive to subsequent stimulation. 
C)  being linked to transient synaptic changes. 
D)  continuous, low-level stimulation of neural circuits. 
E)  repetitive, low-level stimulation of neural circuits. 
A)  high-frequency electrical stimulation of neural circuits, making them more sensitive to subsequent stimulation. 
B)  high-frequency electrical stimulation of neural circuits, making them less sensitive to subsequent stimulation. 
C)  being linked to transient synaptic changes. 
D)  continuous, low-level stimulation of neural circuits. 
E)  repetitive, low-level stimulation of neural circuits.

Question 10

Why do predatory birds and mammals have forward-facing eyes, whereas prey species have eyes on the sides of the head?

Accepted Answer

Forward-facing eyes are associated with

Question 11

In which sleep state does the electroencephalogram recording most closely resemble that of the awake brain, because depolarization of some neurons?

Accepted Answer

A)  Non-REM Stage 1 
B)  Non-REM Stage 2 
C)  Non-REM Stage 3 
D)  REM 
E)  None 
A)  Non-REM Stage 1 
B)  Non-REM Stage 2 
C)  Non-REM Stage 3 
D)  REM 
E)  None

Question 12

Mammals experience two distinct types of sleep.A sleeping dog that starts to make noises and appears to be trying to chase something while remaining asleep is likely transitioning from _______ to _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  wakefulness; slow-wave sleep 
B)  REM sleep; wakefulness 
C)  slow-wave sleep; high-amplitude sleep 
D)  REM sleep; slow-wave sleep 
E)  slow-wave sleep; REM sleep 
A)  wakefulness; slow-wave sleep 
B)  REM sleep; wakefulness 
C)  slow-wave sleep; high-amplitude sleep 
D)  REM sleep; slow-wave sleep 
E)  slow-wave sleep; REM sleep

Question 13

Which of the following parts of the body would have the largest representation with respect to innervation in the primary motor cortex?

Accepted Answer

A)  Knee 
B)  Shoulder 
C)  Trunk 
D)  Fingers 
E)  Hip 
A)  Knee 
B)  Shoulder 
C)  Trunk 
D)  Fingers 
E)  Hip

Question 14

In vertebrate embryos, the brain initially has a linear appearance and only later in development does it begin to fold.Choose the correct order of structures, from anterior to posterior, when the brain is arranged linearly.

Accepted Answer

A)  Diencephalon; midbrain; telencephalon; hindbrain 
B)  Telencephalon; diencephalon; midbrain; hindbrain 
C)  Forebrain; midbrain; telencephalon; diencephalon 
D)  Telencephalon; midbrain; diencephalon; hindbrain 
E)  Diencephalon; telencephalon; midbrain; hindbrain 
A)  Diencephalon; midbrain; telencephalon; hindbrain 
B)  Telencephalon; diencephalon; midbrain; hindbrain 
C)  Forebrain; midbrain; telencephalon; diencephalon 
D)  Telencephalon; midbrain; diencephalon; hindbrain 
E)  Diencephalon; telencephalon; midbrain; hindbrain

Question 15

When an electroencephalogram is used to study sleep, it can reveal the

Accepted Answer

A)  activity of single neurons throughout the sleep phase. 
B)  movements of the eyes while in different sleep stages. 
C)  restorative patterns of REM sleep. 
D)  firing patterns of neurons in regions of the cortex over time. 
E)  jerky movements of skeletal muscles during slow-wave sleep. 
A)  activity of single neurons throughout the sleep phase. 
B)  movements of the eyes while in different sleep stages. 
C)  restorative patterns of REM sleep. 
D)  firing patterns of neurons in regions of the cortex over time. 
E)  jerky movements of skeletal muscles during slow-wave sleep.

Question 16

Damage to noradrenergic neurons of the autonomic nervous system would interfere with which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  Fight-or-flight response 
B)  Pupil dilation 
C)  Increased stomach motility 
D)  Increased glucose uptake 
E)  Contraction of the urinary bladder 
A)  Fight-or-flight response 
B)  Pupil dilation 
C)  Increased stomach motility 
D)  Increased glucose uptake 
E)  Contraction of the urinary bladder

Question 17

Which of the following statements about the autonomic nervous system (ANS) is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  The ANS controls diverse organs and tissues, making its actions critical to homeostasis. 
B)  The ANS has two divisions, the sympathetic division and the parasympathetic division. 
C)  The ANS controls many voluntary and involuntary functions. 
D)  The ANS includes components from both the central and peripheral nervous systems. 
E)  Every autonomic efferent pathway of the ANS begins with a cholinergic neuron. 
A)  The ANS controls diverse organs and tissues, making its actions critical to homeostasis. 
B)  The ANS has two divisions, the sympathetic division and the parasympathetic division. 
C)  The ANS controls many voluntary and involuntary functions. 
D)  The ANS includes components from both the central and peripheral nervous systems. 
E)  Every autonomic efferent pathway of the ANS begins with a cholinergic neuron.

Question 18

A sleep researcher who is monitoring the sleep of volunteers in the study notices that the electroencephalogram (EEG) of one person, who is sleeping quietly, is showing large peaks of activity at regular intervals.What is most likely occurring in the person's brain at the cellular level?

Accepted Answer

A)  Cells in the thalamus and cortex are depolarized and are firing more action potentials. 
B)  Cortical cells are hyperpolarized, and the bursts of activity indicate slow-wave sleep. 
C)  The peaks indicate REM sleep and some depolarization of the brainstem. 
D)  Cells are responding to dreams that the person may be having and firing action potentials accordingly. 
E)  The peaks correspond to the activity of only a few neurons and do not indicate much about the overall cellular activity. 
A)  Cells in the thalamus and cortex are depolarized and are firing more action potentials. 
B)  Cortical cells are hyperpolarized, and the bursts of activity indicate slow-wave sleep. 
C)  The peaks indicate REM sleep and some depolarization of the brainstem. 
D)  Cells are responding to dreams that the person may be having and firing action potentials accordingly. 
E)  The peaks correspond to the activity of only a few neurons and do not indicate much about the overall cellular activity.

Question 19

Damage to the left cerebral hemisphere may cause _______, which is a deficit in the ability to use or understand words.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Damage to the left cerebral hemisphere may...

Question 20

Which pair of characteristics best describes the visual fields of the two eyes of humans?

Accepted Answer

A)  Minimal overlap and extensive field of view on either side of the head 
B)  Overlapping but slightly different 
C)  No overlap and different 
D)  Overlap at the peripheries only and restricted field of view on either side of the head 
E)  No overlap and restricted field of view on either side of the head 
A)  Minimal overlap and extensive field of view on either side of the head 
B)  Overlapping but slightly different 
C)  No overlap and different 
D)  Overlap at the peripheries only and restricted field of view on either side of the head 
E)  No overlap and restricted field of view on either side of the head

Exam 46: The Mammalian Nervous System: Structure and Higher Functions

Choose the option that represents the correct pathway that information flows when a person speaks a written word.

Refer to the figure, which shows the rate of action potentials in a ganglion cell. The ganglion cell being monitored is inhibited from firing action potentials when

The central nervous system receives all of the following except:

Which of the following ganglion cells in the retina would be maximally stimulated under the conditions listed?

Photoreceptors in the surround portion of a receptive field modify the light information received by photoreceptors in the center of the receptive field.They accomplish this by

The division of the autonomic nervous system that results in an acceleration of heartbeat is the _______ division.

Public speaking causes many people to get a dry mouth.This happens because

Information flows in the adult brain in a linear manner that reflects the order of regions of the developing brain.All information traveling between the spinal cord and higher brain areas must pass through the _______, which is made up of parts of the hindbrain and midbrain.

Long-term potentiation can be described as

Why do predatory birds and mammals have forward-facing eyes, whereas prey species have eyes on the sides of the head?

In which sleep state does the electroencephalogram recording most closely resemble that of the awake brain, because depolarization of some neurons?

Mammals experience two distinct types of sleep.A sleeping dog that starts to make noises and appears to be trying to chase something while remaining asleep is likely transitioning from _______ to _______.

Which of the following parts of the body would have the largest representation with respect to innervation in the primary motor cortex?

In vertebrate embryos, the brain initially has a linear appearance and only later in development does it begin to fold.Choose the correct order of structures, from anterior to posterior, when the brain is arranged linearly.

When an electroencephalogram is used to study sleep, it can reveal the

Damage to noradrenergic neurons of the autonomic nervous system would interfere with which of the following?

Which of the following statements about the autonomic nervous system (ANS) is false?

A sleep researcher who is monitoring the sleep of volunteers in the study notices that the electroencephalogram (EEG) of one person, who is sleeping quietly, is showing large peaks of activity at regular intervals.What is most likely occurring in the person's brain at the cellular level?

Damage to the left cerebral hemisphere may cause _______, which is a deficit in the ability to use or understand words.

Which pair of characteristics best describes the visual fields of the two eyes of humans?

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Mammals experience two distinct types of sleep.A sleeping dog that starts to make noises and appears to be trying to chase something while remaining asleep is likely transitioning from _ to _.