Question 1

Which of the following statements about the human brain is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  Humans have a much larger brain than would be predicted by their body size. 
B)  The increase in brain size in humans is due largely to an increase in cerebral cortex. 
C)  The percentage of the cortex made up of association areas is greatest in humans. 
D)  Humans have the heaviest brain of all mammals. 
E)  Convolutions of the cerebral cortex and more highly developed in humans than in most other mammals. 
A)  Humans have a much larger brain than would be predicted by their body size. 
B)  The increase in brain size in humans is due largely to an increase in cerebral cortex. 
C)  The percentage of the cortex made up of association areas is greatest in humans. 
D)  Humans have the heaviest brain of all mammals. 
E)  Convolutions of the cerebral cortex and more highly developed in humans than in most other mammals.

Question 2

During early development, the neural tube forms three swellings at its anterior end.From anterior to posterior, these will become the forebrain, the midbrain, and the _______.The rest of the neural tube will become the spinal cord.

Accepted Answer

The answer of During early development, the neural tube forms...

Question 3

What region of the embryonic brain develops into the hypothalamus?

Accepted Answer

A)  Hindbrain 
B)  Cerebrum 
C)  Diencephalon 
D)  Telencephalon 
E)  Midbrain 
A)  Hindbrain 
B)  Cerebrum 
C)  Diencephalon 
D)  Telencephalon 
E)  Midbrain

Question 4

The organization of neurons of the visual cortex into columns with binocular cells at the borders of the columns allows for

Accepted Answer

A)  perception of color by binocular cells that each have a receptive field in the retina matching the stripes and columns in the visual cortex. 
B)  binocular cells to interpret distance by measuring the disparity between the points at which the same stimulus falls on the two retinas. 
C)  the optic chiasm to direct all visual input from each eye to the opposite hemisphere. 
D)  individual retinal ganglion cells to have more than one receptive field due to a pattern of synapses between photoreceptors, horizontal cells, amacrine cells, and bipolar cells. 
E)  an extensive field of vision. 
A)  perception of color by binocular cells that each have a receptive field in the retina matching the stripes and columns in the visual cortex. 
B)  binocular cells to interpret distance by measuring the disparity between the points at which the same stimulus falls on the two retinas. 
C)  the optic chiasm to direct all visual input from each eye to the opposite hemisphere. 
D)  individual retinal ganglion cells to have more than one receptive field due to a pattern of synapses between photoreceptors, horizontal cells, amacrine cells, and bipolar cells. 
E)  an extensive field of vision.

Question 5

The _______of a ganglion cell in the retina results from a pattern of synapses between photoreceptors, bipolar cells, horizontal cells, and amacrine cells.

Accepted Answer

A)  visual field 
B)  binocular field 
C)  three-dimensional field 
D)  visual column 
E)  receptive field 
A)  visual field 
B)  binocular field 
C)  three-dimensional field 
D)  visual column 
E)  receptive field

Question 6

_______ area in the temporal lobe is involved with sensory aspects of language.

Accepted Answer

The answer of _______ area in the temporal lobe is...

Question 7

The primary somatosensory cortex is a region in the _______ lobe of the cerebrum that receives information about touch and pressure relayed by the thalamus.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The primary somatosensory cortex is a region...

Question 8

Whereas damage above the reticular-activating system can result in _______, damage below the reticular-activating system can result in paralysis.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Whereas damage above the reticular-activating system can...

Question 9

After head trauma, an athlete cannot recognize his teammates' faces, but he can recognize them by their voices and other body features.This particular agnosia is most likely the result of damage to association areas of the

Accepted Answer

A)  occipital lobe. 
B)  visual cortex. 
C)  temporal lobe. 
D)  motor cortex. 
E)  frontal lobe. 
A)  occipital lobe. 
B)  visual cortex. 
C)  temporal lobe. 
D)  motor cortex. 
E)  frontal lobe.

Question 10

Binocular cells interpret distance by measuring the disparity between the points at which one stimulus falls on the retina of each eye.If you look at an object and open and close each eye individually, the stimulus that would produce the least disparity is visual information from

Accepted Answer

A)  the tip of your nose. 
B)  your computer screen. 
C)  a person sitting in front of you. 
D)  a person sitting across the room. 
E)  a distant object viewed through a window. 
A)  the tip of your nose. 
B)  your computer screen. 
C)  a person sitting in front of you. 
D)  a person sitting across the room. 
E)  a distant object viewed through a window.

Question 11

Refer to the figure.   The figure shows how on-center and off-center ganglion cells of the retina encode patterns of contrast between light and dark.What type of light stimulus pattern on the retina does Row D represent?

Accepted Answer

Row D represents a r

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the flow of visual information that occurs within the retina?

Accepted Answer

A)  Photoreceptors respond and send excitatory or inhibitory information to retinal ganglion cells via bipolar cells. 
B)  Light signals are first processed in retinal ganglion cells, which form synapses with photoreceptors. 
C)  Signals pass directly from photoreceptor cells to ganglion cells. 
D)  Action potentials from bipolar cells pass information to photoreceptor cells before reaching ganglion cells. 
E)  Horizontal and amacrine cells modify the flow of information via axons in the optic nerve. 
A)  Photoreceptors respond and send excitatory or inhibitory information to retinal ganglion cells via bipolar cells. 
B)  Light signals are first processed in retinal ganglion cells, which form synapses with photoreceptors. 
C)  Signals pass directly from photoreceptor cells to ganglion cells. 
D)  Action potentials from bipolar cells pass information to photoreceptor cells before reaching ganglion cells. 
E)  Horizontal and amacrine cells modify the flow of information via axons in the optic nerve.

Question 13

All information from the spinal cord must pass through the _______ on its way to other regions of the brain for higher processing.

Accepted Answer

A)  forebrain 
B)  telencephalon 
C)  brainstem 
D)  diencephalon 
E)  cerebrum 
A)  forebrain 
B)  telencephalon 
C)  brainstem 
D)  diencephalon 
E)  cerebrum

Question 14

All of the following characterize the brainstem except:

Accepted Answer

A)  carries out autonomic functions, which include breathing and swallowing. 
B)  consists of the medulla, pons, and midbrain. 
C)  associated with 12 pairs of cranial nerves in humans and other mammals. 
D)  contains nuclei involved in keeping higher brain areas awake or asleep. 
E)  when damaged below the reticular activating system, the sleep/wake cycle is disrupted. 
A)  carries out autonomic functions, which include breathing and swallowing. 
B)  consists of the medulla, pons, and midbrain. 
C)  associated with 12 pairs of cranial nerves in humans and other mammals. 
D)  contains nuclei involved in keeping higher brain areas awake or asleep. 
E)  when damaged below the reticular activating system, the sleep/wake cycle is disrupted.

Question 15

Refer to the figure, which shows the rate of action potentials in a ganglion cell.   The rate of action potentials in the ganglion cell being monitored is highest when

Accepted Answer

A)  a small spot of light is delivered to the center of the receptive field. 
B)  the receptive field is in complete darkness. 
C)  the entire receptive field is presented with a large spot of light. 
D)  light outside of the receptive field is delivered. 
E)  a ring of light excluding the center of the receptive field is delivered. 
A)  a small spot of light is delivered to the center of the receptive field. 
B)  the receptive field is in complete darkness. 
C)  the entire receptive field is presented with a large spot of light. 
D)  light outside of the receptive field is delivered. 
E)  a ring of light excluding the center of the receptive field is delivered.

Question 16

Evaluate the following statement: Sleepwalking, a disorder characterized by walking or performing complicated behaviors while asleep, occurs during REM sleep.

Accepted Answer

The statement is incorrect because durin

Question 17

Sleep researchers analyze electroencephalograms to look at patterns of activity in a sleeping person.Which of the following is not measured in an electroencephalogram?

Accepted Answer

A)  The stage in which dreaming occurs 
B)  The muscle movements that occur during rapid eye movement sleep 
C)  The four stages of sleep 
D)  Slow-wave sleep 
E)  Electrical potential differences due to activity of large numbers of neurons. 
A)  The stage in which dreaming occurs 
B)  The muscle movements that occur during rapid eye movement sleep 
C)  The four stages of sleep 
D)  Slow-wave sleep 
E)  Electrical potential differences due to activity of large numbers of neurons.

Question 18

Positron emission tomography (PET) allows live imaging of brain regions that are most active during language tasks.Suppose that you see two sequential PET images of a person's brain.The visual cortex is most active in the first image, whereas Broca's area is most active in the second image.Which of the following is the most likely explanation for these different patterns of brain activation?

Accepted Answer

A)  The person was talking and then viewing words. 
B)  The person was thinking of words and then reading. 
C)  The person was listening to conversation and then writing. 
D)  The person was reading and then writing. 
E)  The person was reading and then speaking. 
A)  The person was talking and then viewing words. 
B)  The person was thinking of words and then reading. 
C)  The person was listening to conversation and then writing. 
D)  The person was reading and then writing. 
E)  The person was reading and then speaking.

Question 19

As you are driving home one night, you see a dark animal bound across the road.You quickly apply the brakes as you feel your heart starting to pound in your chest.Which of the following best describes the flow of information leading to these two responses?

Accepted Answer

A)  Afferent peripheral nerves F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 central nervous system F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 efferent peripheral nerves 
B)  Unconscious information F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 conscious information F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 central nervous system 
C)  Central nervous system F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 autonomic nervous system F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 central nervous system 
D)  Conscious information F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 hormones F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 peripheral nervous system 
E)  Autonomic commands F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 peripheral nervous system F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 central nervous system 
A)  Afferent peripheral nerves F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 central nervous system F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 efferent peripheral nerves 
B)  Unconscious information F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 conscious information F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 central nervous system 
C)  Central nervous system F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 autonomic nervous system F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 central nervous system 
D)  Conscious information F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 hormones F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 peripheral nervous system 
E)  Autonomic commands F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 peripheral nervous system F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 central nervous system

Question 20

Stephen Kuffler's experiments revealed that retinal ganglion cells typically have a circular receptive field, are either excited or inhibited by light by the pattern of light falling on photoreceptors in their receptive field, and are described as on-center or off-center in accordance with their responses.Which of the following light stimuli falling on the receptive field of a ganglion cell would maximally stimulate an on-center ganglion cell?

Accepted Answer

A)  Complete darkness 
B)  A spot of light falling on the center of the receptive field 
C)  A light covering the entire receptive field 
D)  A ring of light directed at the surround portion of the receptive field 
E)  A large spot covering the entire receptive field alternating with dark pulses 
A)  Complete darkness 
B)  A spot of light falling on the center of the receptive field 
C)  A light covering the entire receptive field 
D)  A ring of light directed at the surround portion of the receptive field 
E)  A large spot covering the entire receptive field alternating with dark pulses

Exam 46: The Mammalian Nervous System: Structure and Higher Functions

Which of the following statements about the human brain is false?

During early development, the neural tube forms three swellings at its anterior end.From anterior to posterior, these will become the forebrain, the midbrain, and the _______.The rest of the neural tube will become the spinal cord.

What region of the embryonic brain develops into the hypothalamus?

The organization of neurons of the visual cortex into columns with binocular cells at the borders of the columns allows for

The _______of a ganglion cell in the retina results from a pattern of synapses between photoreceptors, bipolar cells, horizontal cells, and amacrine cells.

_______ area in the temporal lobe is involved with sensory aspects of language.

The primary somatosensory cortex is a region in the _______ lobe of the cerebrum that receives information about touch and pressure relayed by the thalamus.

Whereas damage above the reticular-activating system can result in _______, damage below the reticular-activating system can result in paralysis.

After head trauma, an athlete cannot recognize his teammates' faces, but he can recognize them by their voices and other body features.This particular agnosia is most likely the result of damage to association areas of the

Binocular cells interpret distance by measuring the disparity between the points at which one stimulus falls on the retina of each eye.If you look at an object and open and close each eye individually, the stimulus that would produce the least disparity is visual information from

Refer to the figure. The figure shows how on-center and off-center ganglion cells of the retina encode patterns of contrast between light and dark.What type of light stimulus pattern on the retina does Row D represent?

Which of the following best describes the flow of visual information that occurs within the retina?

All information from the spinal cord must pass through the _______ on its way to other regions of the brain for higher processing.

All of the following characterize the brainstem except:

Refer to the figure, which shows the rate of action potentials in a ganglion cell. The rate of action potentials in the ganglion cell being monitored is highest when

Evaluate the following statement: Sleepwalking, a disorder characterized by walking or performing complicated behaviors while asleep, occurs during REM sleep.

Sleep researchers analyze electroencephalograms to look at patterns of activity in a sleeping person.Which of the following is not measured in an electroencephalogram?

As you are driving home one night, you see a dark animal bound across the road.You quickly apply the brakes as you feel your heart starting to pound in your chest.Which of the following best describes the flow of information leading to these two responses?

Studying Life

Small Molecules and the Chemistry of Life

Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Lipids

Nucleic Acids and the Origin of Life

Cells: the Working Units of Life

Cell Membranes

Cell Communication and Multicellularity

Energy, Enzymes, and Metabolism

Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy

Photosynthesis: Energy From Sunlight

The Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Inheritance, Genes, and Chromosomes

Dna and Its Role in Heredity

From Dna to Protein: Gene Expression

Gene Mutation and Molecular Medicine

Regulation of Gene Expression

Genomes

Recombinant Dna and Biotechnology

Mechanisms of Evolution

Reconstructing and Using Phylogenies

Speciation

Evolution of Genes and Genomes

The History of Life on Earth

Bacteria, Archaea, and Viruses

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

Plants Without Seeds: From Water to Land

The Evolution of Seed Plants

The Evolution and Diversity of Fungi

Animal Origins and the Evolution of Body Plans

Protostome Animals

Deuterostome Animals

The Plant Body

Transport in Plants

Plant Nutrition

Regulation of Plant Growth

Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Plant Responses to Environmental Challenges

Physiology, Homeostasis, and Temperature Regulation

Animal Hormones

Immunology: Animal Defense Systems

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Glia, and Nervous Systems

Sensory Systems

Musculoskeletal Systems

Gas Exchange

Circulatory Systems

Nutrition, Digestion, and Absorption

Salt and Water Balance and Nitrogen Excretion

Animal Behavior

The Physical Environment and Biogeography of Life

Populations

Species Interactions

Communities

Ecosystems

A Changing Biosphere

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